INTEGBI 169 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Mate Choice, Tinea Corporis, Dermatophyte

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TOPIC 10: HUMAN HOST-MICROBE INTERACTIONS AND
IMMUNOLOGY
Hypothesis on the Benefits of Sexual Reproduction:
A haploid genome from both the mother and father fuse to form the diploid
zygote.
Only one allele is passed on from each parent.
Sexual reproduction allows for the development of new admixtures of alleles
from one generation to the next.
Host defenses against infections (this is the hypothesis that is most favored by
evolutionary biologists).
Typically the major challenges to a species survival is its relationship to its biotic
environment including infectious microbial parasite (metazoans to viruses)
burden.
The host is continually trying to evolve better defenses against parasites, while
the parasite is constantly attempting to overcome the defenses.
Parasites are smaller than their hosts and have faster generation times and thus
a faster rate of evolution.
Major Histocompatibility Complex genes (MHCs):
Sexual recombination can, in a single generation, create a novel combination of
defense mechanisms against parasites, for example by creating new allele
combinations in the genes for the transmembrane proteins called major
histocompatibility complexes (MHC).
These genetically determined major histocompatibility complexes are highly
variable among individuals.
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) is the name for the major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) in humans.
MHC genes encode cell surface proteins that offer a display of proteins being
made inside of the cells.
This enables the immune system to detect foreign proteins (e.g., microbes or
toxins) in a cell and destroy them.
Red Queen effect/hypothesis:
Sexual reproduction leads to changes in the pattern of these genetically
determined major histocompatibility complexes in the next generation which
can provide protection against infections
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Document Summary

Hypothesis on the benefits of sexual reproduction: A haploid genome from both the mother and father fuse to form the diploid zygote. Only one allele is passed on from each parent. Sexual reproduction allows for the development of new admixtures of alleles from one generation to the next. Host defenses against infections (this is the hypothesis that is most favored by evolutionary biologists). Typically the major challenges to a species survival is its relationship to its biotic environment including infectious microbial parasite (metazoans to viruses) burden. The host is continually trying to evolve better defenses against parasites, while the parasite is constantly attempting to overcome the defenses. Parasites are smaller than their hosts and have faster generation times and thus a faster rate of evolution. Sexual recombination can, in a single generation, create a novel combination of defense mechanisms against parasites, for example by creating new allele combinations in the genes for the transmembrane proteins called major histocompatibility complexes (mhc).

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