INTEGBI 169 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Neolithic Revolution, Influenza Pandemic, Rinderpest
5 Jun 2018
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○ Several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick
succession are required to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV.
○ Due to SIVs relatively low person to person transmission rate, it can only spread
throughout the population in the presence of one or more of high-risk
transmission channels, which are thought to have been absent in Africa prior to
the 20th century
○ Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of
the HIV-1 M group dates back to circa 1910.
○ There is direct evidence of extensive diversity of HIV-1 in Kinshasa in Central
Africa by 1960.
○ It has been proposed that the HIV epidemic is linked with the emergence of
colonialism and growth of large colonial African cities in the early part of the
20th century, leading to a dramatic increase in prostitution along with its
associated high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis); genital
ulcers increase the risk of HIV transmission.
○ It has been proposed that serial human passage of SIV and HIV by unsterile
syringe injections contributed to the emergence of epidemic human
immunodeficiency virus in Africa.
○ Mutation at CCR5 locus based on selection caused by some prior infectious
disease has been exapted for protection against HIV
○ CCR5 is a human receptor protein which is a seven trans-membrane spanning
protein of 332 amino acids that inserts into the cell membranes of human CD4+
T helper cells.
○ The widespread occurrence of a mutation in the CCRS gene appears to provide
partial resistance to HIV infection is an example of selection likely caused by
some prior infectious disease.
○ Hence immunological outcome of this mutation has been exapted for protection
against HIV.
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Evolution of Microbes:
○ Microbes evolve in relationship to the hosts and vectors they rely on for their
survival and fitness.
○ Microbes have a much faster generation time and ability to evolve than humans.
○ The rapid resistance that some bacteria evolve to antibiotics is a great example
of the ability of microbes to evolve rapidly.
○ Many viral human infectious diseases have their origins from domesticated
animals.
Document Summary
Several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are required to allow it enough time to mutate into hiv. Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the hiv-1 m group dates back to circa 1910. There is direct evidence of extensive diversity of hiv-1 in kinshasa in central. It has been proposed that the hiv epidemic is linked with the emergence of colonialism and growth of large colonial african cities in the early part of the. 20th century, leading to a dramatic increase in prostitution along with its associated high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis); genital ulcers increase the risk of hiv transmission. It has been proposed that serial human passage of siv and hiv by unsterile syringe injections contributed to the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in africa.
