CAS BI 108 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Hydrogen Bond, Protein Structure, Hydrolysis

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5 Feb 2014

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3. 1 what kinds of molecules characterize living things: functional groups give specific properties to biological molecules. Isomers have different arrangements of the same atoms: the structures of macromolecules reflect their functions, most macromolecules are formed by condensation and broken down by hydrolysis. Four kinds of macromolecules distinguish living tissues: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Biological molecules carry out a variety of life-sustaining functions. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its primary structure. Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure arise through interactions among the amino acids. A proteins 3d shape and exposed chemical groups establish its binding specificity for other substances. Bi108 chapter 3 outline: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. 3. 3 what are the chemical structures and functions of carbohydrates: monosaccharides are simple sugars, glycosidic linages bond monosaccharides, polysaccharides store energy and provide structural materials, chemically modified carbohydrates contain additional functional groups. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have the general formula cnh2non.

Related Questions

11 - Can you distinguish carboxylic acid, amino, and phosphate functional groups?

12- The 4 major types of macromolecules found in living cells are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

13- What distinguishes a monomer from a polymer. What are the monomer subunits that are used to produce the different types of macromolecules.

14- What is the general formula for a carbohydrate.

15- What are biologically important kinds of lipids. Why are these molecules important.

16- The monomer building block of a protein is an amino acid. What is the basic structure of an amino acid.

17- A nucleotide (the monomer building block of a nucleic acid) is comprised of a nitrogen base, a pentose (5C) sugar, and at least one phosphate.

18- What is the complete name for the nitrogen bases commonly referred to as A, G , C, T, and U. Which are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

19- What is the significance ATP?

20- Generally speaking, what are the functions of the different types of macromolecules.

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1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides â c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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