BIOL 2061 Chapter 19: Chapter 19

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raspberryferret491

3 May 2018

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Chapter 19 Notes

• Population Genetics: Study of genes and genotypes in a population

19.1 Overview of Evolution

• Empirical Thought: Relies on observation to form an idea or a hypothesis rather than

trying to understand life from a nonphysical or spiritual pov

• Natural Selection: Individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to their

native environment tend to flourish and reproduce, whereas other individuals are less

likely to survive and reproduce.

o Natural selection may ultimately result in a new species with a combination of

multiple traits that are quite different from those of the original species, such as

finches with larger beaks and changes in coloration.

• Evolution occurs from generation to generation due to two interacting factors: genetic

variation and natural selection.

19.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change

• Historically, the first evidence of biological evolution came from studies of the

characteristics of populations over time, studies of the fossil record, the distribution of

species on Earth, the comparison of similar anatomical features in different species, and

selective breeding experiments.

• Transitional Form: Organism that provides link between earlier and later form

o Ex. Fishapod is a transitional form between fishes, which have fins for

locomotion, and tetrapods, which are four-limbed animals.

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• Biogeography: The study of the geographic distribution of extinct and living species.

• Endemic: Plants and animals that are naturally found only in a particular location.

o Most endemic island species have closely related relatives on nearby islands or

the mainland

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Related Questions

Which statement about evolution by natural selection isfalse?

Natural selection allows organisms with higher fitness toreproduce more successfully.

Natural selection favors those traits that confer higherfitness in the environment.

Natural selection is a random change in characteristics of apopulation over generations.

Evolution by natural selection affects populations oforganisms, not individual organisms.

An organism's fitness depends on its _____.

ability to survive and reproduce

ability to swap genetic material with other organisms

physical size

ability to mutate

population

Consider the heavily armored stickleback fish population thatcolonized the lake. If all the individuals in that population weregenetically identical, what do you predict would happen when theycolonized the freshwater lake?

The population would increase, as it has increased foodresources.

The population would evolve through natural selection to bebetter adapted to its environment.

The population would decrease due to more juvenile fish beingeaten.

No answer text provided.

Which of the following are adaptations?

Thicker beaks on finches that allows them to eat large seeds,when large seeds are the most abundant.

Less armor on stickleback fish in freshwater that allows themto grow faster to avoid predation.

More armor on stickleback fish in the ocean that prevents themfrom being eaten by larger predators.

None of the above.

All of the above.

olivemink746

23.

Peter and Rosemary Grantâs research on Darwinâs finches demonstrated that dry years on the Galapagos Island Daphne Major favored deep beaks in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) and that very wet years favored narrow beaks. In years that were neither wet nor dry (intermediate years), many different types of foods were available, and birds with intermediate beak sizes were favored. Immediately following an intermediate year, average beak size in G. fortis is expected to be

A) narrower than after a wet year and wider than after a dry year.

B) wider than after a wet year and narrower than after a dry year.

C) the same as after a wet year and wider than after a dry year.

D) the same as after a dry year and narrower than after a wet year.

13.

Select the evidence that would support the hypothesis that peppered moths and industrial melanism are an example of evolution by natural selection. Check all that apply.

A) Different color morphs exist naturally in the peppered moth population.

B) The genetic basis of melanism in peppered moths is unknown.

C) Dark moths are recaptured more in polluted areas than light moths.

D) Birds looking for food often miss moths that are the same color as the mothâs background.

Check all of the statements that are supported by studies of artificial selection.

A) Artificial selection shows that evolutionary change can occur over a short time.

B) Artificial selection shows that natural selection is capable of producing major evolutionary change.

C) Artificial selection occurs when humans selectively breed individuals of a species with desirable traits.

D) Artificial selection results only in minor changes within a species.