PHIL 223 Chapter 1: Intro to Kant and Mill

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A ctions are only moral when they are done out of res pect for the moral law, regardless of the consequences. We know an action is morally right, because we can will--without logical contradiction--that the action become a universal moral law. Utilitarianism is a good moral theory, (i. e, why is promoting good consequences a foundation for morality) because pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things that people inherently desire. There are two categories of pleasures, the higher (intellectual) and the lower (bodily) pleasures and both are relevant to measuring utility. Virtue ethics: is like imitating saints and heroes meaning not only doing what they did, but being like them. Ethics of care: is notable in arguing that morality is s omething that individuals do in is olation. Individuals follow abs tract moral principles and us e reas on to decide what the right action is .

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