FIN-3403 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Scenario Analysis, Capital Budgeting, Net Present Value
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Gammy is considering building a facility to manufacture cupcakes to distribute nationally. Your assignment involves both the calculation of cash flows associated with the new investment under consideration and the evaluation of several mutually exclusive projects. Grammy wants you to meet with everyone involved and write a meeting report for the board of directors that includes your recommendation. In addition to the recommendation, you have been asked to respond to a number of questions aimed at understanding the capital-budgeting process. Grammy wants to be sure that she and the board of directors understand cash flow and capital budgeting.
We are considering constructing a building to manufacture cupcakes. Currently we are in the 34 percent marginal tax bracket with a 15 percent required rate of return or cost of capital. This project is expected to last 5 years and then, because this is somewhat of a fad product, be terminated. The following information describes the project:
Cost of new plant and equipment | $7,900,000 |
Shipping and installation costs | $ 100,000 |
Unit Sales | Year Units Sold 1 70,000 2 120,000 3 140,000 4 80,000 5 60,000 |
Sales price per unit | $300/unit in years 1 through 4, $260/unit in year 5 |
Variable cost per unit | $180/unit |
Annual fixed costs | $200,000 per year in years 1 â 5 |
Working-capital requirements | There will be an initial working-capital requirement of $100,000 just to get production started. For each year, the total investment in net working capital will be equal to 10 percent of the dollar value of sales for that year. Thus, the investment in working capital will increase during years 1 through 3, then decrease in year 4. Finally, all working capital is liquidated at the termination of the project at the end of year 5. |
The depreciation method | Use the simplified straight-line method over 5 years. Assume the plant and equipment will have no salvage value after 5 years. |
5. Answer the following questions:
a. Should you focus on cash flows or accounting profits in making the capital-budgeting decision? Should you be interested in incremental cash flows, incremental profits, total free cash flow, or total profits?
b. How does depreciation affect free cash flow?
c. How do sunk costs affect the determination of cash flows?
d. What is the projectâs initial outlay?
e. What are the differential cash flows over the projectâs life?
f. What is the terminal cash flow?
g. Draw a cash-flow diagram for this project.
h. What is its net present value?
i. What is its internal rate of return?
j. Should the project be accepted? Why or why not?
k. How does Genesis 47: 18 â 19 relate to this project and cash flow management?
Pete Slokowsky and Mary Jackson are facing an important decision. After having discussed different financial scenarios into the wee hours of the morning, the two computer engineers felt it was time to finalize their cash flow projections and move to the next stage â decide which of two possible projects they should undertake.
Both had a bachelor degree in engineering and had put in several years as maintenance engineers in a large chip manufacturing company. About six months ago, they were able to exercise their first stock options. That was when they decided to quit their safe, steady job and pursue their dreams of starting a venture of their own. In their spare time, almost as a hobby, they had been collaborating on some research into a new chip that could speed up certain specialized tasks by as much as 25%. At this point, the design of the chip was complete. While further experimentation might improve the performance of their design, any delay in entering the market now may prove to be costly, as one of the established players might introduce a similar product of their own. The duo knew that now was the time to act if at all.
They estimated that they would need to spend about $5,000,000 on plant, equipment and supplies. As for future cash flows, they felt that the right strategy at least for the first year would be to sell their product at dirt-cheap prices in order to induce customer acceptance. Then, once the product had established a name for itself, the price could be raised. By the end of the fifth year, their product in its current form was likely to be obsolete. However, the innovative approach that they had devised and patented could be sold to a larger chip manufacturer for a decent sum. Accordingly, the two budding entrepreneurs estimated the cash flows for this project (call it Project A) as follows:
Year | Project A Expected Cash flows ($) |
0 | (5,000,000) |
1 | 200,000 |
2 | 875,000 |
3 | 2,140,000 |
4 | 3,100,000 |
5 | 3,100,000 |
An alternative to pursuing this project would be to immediately sell the patent for their innovative chip design to one of the established chip makers. They estimated that they would receive around $300,000 for this. It would probably not be reasonable to expect much more as neither their product nor their innovative approach had a track record.
They could then invest in some plant and equipment that would test silicon wafers for zircon content before the wafers were used to make chips. Too much zircon would affect the long-term performance of the chips. The task of checking the level of zircon was currently being performed by chip makers themselves. However, many of them, especially the smaller ones, did not have the capacity to permit 100% checking. Most tested only a sample of the wafers they received.
Pete and Mary were confident that they could persuade at least some of the chip makers to outsource this function to them. By exclusively specializing in this task, their little company would be able to slash costs by more than half, and thus allow the chip manufacturers to go in for 100% quality check for roughly the same cost as what they were incurring for a partial quality check today. The life of this project too (call it project B) is expected to be only about five years.
The initial investment for this project is estimated at $ 4,500,000. After taking into account the sale of their patent, the net investment would be $4,200,000. As for the future, Mary and Pete were pretty sure that there would be sizable profits in the first couple of years. But thereafter, the zircon content problem would slowly start to disappear with advancing technology in the wafer industry. Keeping all this in mind, they estimate the cash flows for this project as follows:
Year | Project B Expected Cash flows ($) |
0 | (4,200,000) |
1 | 2,500,000 |
2 | 2,000,000 |
3 | 905,000 |
4 | 550,000 |
5 | 250,000 |
Mary and Pete now need to make their decision. For purposes of analysis, they plan to use a required rate of return of 15% for both projects. Ideally, they would prefer that the project they choose have a payback period of less than 4 years and a discounted payback period of less than 5 years.
Below are the results of the analysis they have carried out so far:
Metrics | Project A | Project B |
Payback period (in years) | 3.58 | 1.85 |
Discounted payback period (in years) | 4.64 | 2.86 |
Net Present Value (NPV) | $556,306 | $520,011 |
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) | 18.35% | 22.51% |
Profitability Index | 1.11 | 1.12 |
Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) | 17.45% | 17.72% |
One of the concerns that Mary and Pete have is regarding the reliability of their cash flow estimates. All the analysis in the table above is based on âexpectedâ cash flows. However, they are both aware that actual future cash flows may be higher or lower.
Suppose that Pete and Mary have hired you as a consultant to help them make the decision. Please draft an official memo to them with your analysis and recommendations.
Your submission should cover the following questions:
1.Briefly, summarize the key facts of the case and identify the problem being faced by our two budding entrepreneurs. In other words, what is the decision that they need to make?
An excellent paper will demonstrate the ability to construct a clear and insightful problem statement while identifying all underlying issues.
2.What are some approaches that can be used to solve this problem? What are some various criteria or metrics that can be used to help make this decision?
An excellent paper will propose solutions that are sensitive to all the identified issues.
3.a) Rank the projects based on each of the following metrics: Payback period, Discounted payback period, NPV, IRR, Profitability Index, and MIRR.
b) Mary believes that the best approach to make the decision is the NPV approach. However, Pete is not so sure that ignoring the other metrics is a good idea. Which of the approaches or metrics would you propose? In other words, would you prefer one or more of these approaches over the others? Explain why.
An excellent paper includes an evaluation of solutions containing thorough and insightful explanations, feasibility of solutions, and impacts of solutions.
4.a) Which of these projects would you recommend? Explain why.
b) Briefly state the limitations of the approach you used in making this decision, and outline what further analysis you would recommend.