BIOL 1103K Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Dna Ligase, Surrogacy, Sticky And Blunt Ends

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19 Nov 2017

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Epigenetics is the study that determines differences between individuals based on which genes are expressed and the factors that turn them on. Cloning is the production of identical copies of dna cells or organisms. They come from the division of the same cell. Gene cloning is production of many identical copies of the same gene. If the inserted gene is replicated or expressed, we can recover the cloned gene or protein product. Isolate a mammary cell from another sheep: remove the nucleus from the egg cell, fuse the mammary cell and nucleus with the egg cell. Initiate cell division: grow embryo in culture, transplant embryo into womb of a surrogate mother sheep, surrogate mother gives birth to cloned sheep. Recombinant dna (rdna) contains dna from two or more different sources. Plasmids (small accessory rings of dna from bacteria) are common vectors. Two enzymes are required to introduce foreign dna into vector dna.

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Question: Think about these questions, and post your thoughts on the use of cloning. Specifically, think the about the use of human cloning and discuss the potential impact on society.

Background Discussion: The scientific research terms, cloning means making exact copies of genes, a cell, or an organism. Therefore, cloning has been around for a long time. Identical twins are clones of a single zygote. When a single bacterium reproduces asexually on a petri dish, a colony of cells results, and each member of the colony is a clone of the original cell. Through biotechnology, bacteria now produce clone copies of human genes.

Through recent advances in science, it is possible to produce a clone of a mammal- and perhaps even one day, a human. The parent need not contribute sperm or egg to the process. During the so-called reproductive cloning, a nucleus (which contains the genetic material of a person) from one adult cell is placed in an enucleated egg. That egg is then allowed to develop. The developing embryo is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother, and when birth occurs, the clone is an exact genetic copy of the original parent (of course the clone is younger). The process of cloning whole animals, and certainly humans, has not been perfected. Until it is, therapeutic cloning is more likely to become widespread.

Suppose it were possible to put the nucleus from a cell of a burn victim into an enucleated egg that is forced to become skin cells in the laboratory. These cells could be used to provide grafts of new skin that would not be rejected by the recipient. Would this be a proper use of cloning in humans?

Now, suppose parents want to produce a child free of genetic diseases. Scientists produce an embryo though in vitro fertilization, and then they clone the embryo to produce several embryos. Genetic engineering is then used to remove the genetic defect, and the defect free embryos are implanted into the uterus of a surrogate where they are allowed to grow to term. Would this be proper use of cloning in humans?

What if later scientists were able to produce children with increased intelligence or athletic abilities using the same technique? Would this be an acceptable use of cloning in humans?

6) ene expression controlled by the epigenome is flexiblebecause the epigenome can respond to environmental signals

Select one:

a) in a time-dependent manner.

b) because the chemical bonds in methyl groups can readilybend.

c) by changing the DNA sequences of genes.

d) similarly to the way that the food supply controlsappetite.

e) in a way that is completely unpredictable.

7) Which of the following can be determined from the DNAfingerprint of an individual?

A DNA fingerprint can reveal

Select one or more:

a) the indvidual's gender (male or female).
the individual's gender (male or female).

b) the individual's blood type.

c) the individual's biological family relationships (paternity,etc.).

d) how many siblings (brothers and sisters) are found in thefamily of the individual whose DNA is sampled.

e) the individualâs risk of heart disease.

8) CODIS is the FBI abbreviation for a database containingthe

Select one or more:

a) digital images of convicted felons.

b) skin fingerprints of convicted felons.

c) genome sequence from the Human Genome Project.

d) DNA libraries available from published research findings.

e) DNA fingerprints of convicted offenders, arrestees, and crimescene samples.

9) Do identical twins have identical skin fingerprints?

Select one:

a) No, because the twins' skin fingerprints are left-rightmirror images of each other due to the mirror image symmetry thathappens when identical embryos split apart from one originalembryo.

b) It depends. If the identical twins are in the same placenta,they will have the same fingerprints. If they are in separateplacentas, they will have different fingerprints.

c) Yes, because identical twins have the same genome and genesthey will have identical skin fingerprints.

d) No, because the development of the skin fingerprints areinfluenced by the environment in the uterus.

e) Yes, because the twins' skin fingerprints are inheriteddirectly from the mother without a contribution from thefather.

10 )

In the process of Somatic CellNuclear Transfer in which Dolly the sheep was cloned, an adultnucleus was inserted into a denucleated egg cell. How is theepigenome related to this process?

Select one:

a) The methylation of the adult nucleus must be removed so thatthe cloned zygote can become a viable embryo and fetus.

b) Dolly's epigenome was a mixture of the epigenomes of thedonor mother and of the egg cell from the surrogate mother.

c) The epigenome of the adult nucleus directs development of thecloned zygote.

d) The epigenome of the female surrogate that carried thepregnancy to term becomes impinted on the genome of the clonedzygote.

e) The epigenome of the egg cell nucleus is transferred to thedonor cell nucleus.

aquamarineguinea-pig889

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOL 1103K Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Dna Ligase, Surrogacy, Sticky And Blunt Ends

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