BMS 250 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Dermatology, Stratum Spinosum, Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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16 Aug 2018

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5. 6b tissue modification: tissues may change in size, form, or number of cells in response to a stimulus. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of the existing cells in a tissue, although the number of cells remains constant. For example, skeletal muscle cells may hypertrophy when a person undergoes a long term rigorous exercise regimen. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue. An example of the skin undergoing hyperplasia is a callus on the palm of the hand. Shrinkage of tissue by a decrease in either cells size or cell number is atrophy. Atrophy may result from normal aging or from failure to use an organ or tissue. An example is when someone must wear a cast or is bedridden for a broken bone, the affected muscles exhibit disuse atrophy as the skeletal muscle fibers become smaller.

Related Questions

1. Kinesin-1 motors can move long distances on microtubule tracks without dissociating. By contrast, myosin II motors in skeletal muscle take only one or a few steps before letting go. What is most likely the difference between these two motors that allow two different types of movement?

A. Differences in length of the stalk of each respective motor allow for differences in step size

B. Differences in ATP versus GTP hydrolysis alter the motor head movement along filaments

C. Actin filaments are smaller in diameter and have less space for movement

D. Binding affinity of the Kinesin-1 motor head to microtubules is high, whereas binding affinity of the myosin II motor head to actin filaments is low

E. Microtubules are larger in diameter and have more space for movement

2. Dynamic instability causes microtubules either to grow or to shrink rapidly. What is the most likely reason for a microtubule to undergo rapid growth?

A. GTP hydrolysis exceeds the rate of heterodimer addition

B. GTP hydrolysis of alpha tubulin causes an outward bend in the heterodimer conformation

C. A low concentration of tubulin heterodimers are in solution

D. Heterodimer addition exceeds the rate of GTP hydrolysis

E. Increased trafficking of microtubule motor proteins favors stability

3. There are no known motor proteins that move on intermediate filaments (IFs). What property of intermediate filaments would most likely explain the lack of motor proteins?

A. Tissue specific expression of IFs prevent a single type of motor protein to evolve over time

B. Lateral bundling of IFs prevent motor movement

C. IFs are less dynamic than microtubules and actin filaments

D. IFs are unpolarized

E. IFs do not bind a nucleotide

4. You discover a mutation that results in less rapid hydrolysis of GTP by the beta-tubulin subunit. What would most likely occur?

A. There would be no change in filament assembly

B. There would be enhanced instability of the microtubule

C. There would be enhanced stability of the microtubule

D. Microtubules would not form

E. There would be enhanced treadmilling

5. Which of the following statements describes common features of cadherins and integrins?

A. They can link to microtubules using specific adapter proteins

B. They mediate heterophillic interactions

C. They achieve high binding affinity through clustering

D. They are responsible for interactions of a cell with the extracellular matrix

E. They are found in the apical plasma membrane of an epithelial cell

6. Intermediate filaments are uniquely non-polar and built by lateral bundling in five steps: 1) synthesis of an alpha-helical monomer, 2) formation of a coiled-coil dimer, 3) formation of a staggered tetramer of two coiled-coil dimers, 4) lateral association of 8 tetramers, and 5) addition of 8 tetramers to a growing filament. At what step is polarity lost?

A. Step 1

B. Step 2

C. Step 3

D. Step 4

E. Step 5

7. Collagenase is an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds in collagen to help destroy extracellular structures. What would be the most likely reason to use collagenase in a cell biology laboratory?

A. Disrupt cadherin interaction with the extracellular matrix

B. Disrupt cell-cell contacts to passage cells in cell culture

C. Dissociate epithelial cells from the underlying basement membrane to separate tissues

D. All of the answers are likely uses for collagenase

E. Lyse cells to expose intracellular proteins and organelles

yellowherring775

Please check and correct answers that are bolded, thankyou

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

	A
	B
	C

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

	increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone
	increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen
	increase in progesterone and estrogen
	decrease in progesterone and estrogen

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

	Aging increases the amount of sperm produced
	Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced.
	Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology
	Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

	Helping with speech
	Vitamin A production
	Storing blood in the pancreas
	Producing erythropoietin

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

	Abnormal changes
	Age changes

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

	Decline in frequency of use
	Deteriorating self-image
	Medication use
	Changes in blood flow

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

	Peptic ulcer
	Atrophic Gastritis
	Acute Gastritis
	Stricture

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

	Laxative use
	Ulcerative colitis
	Colorectal cancer
	Disability
	Stool softener

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

	stomach
	small intestine
	large intestine
	pancreas

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

	causes overproduction of HCL
	causes overproduction of intrinsic factor
	increase absorption of B12
	increase risk for cancer

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

	cognitive function
	autonomic system
	urinary bladder
	urethra

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

	energy for activities
	raw materials for growth
	buffer to maintain pH
	fluid and electrolyte balance

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

	Oxidative phosphorylation
	Kreb's cycle
	Electron transport
	Glycation

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

	nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions
	nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances
	nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained
	nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

	18
	22
	27
	31

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

	.25 gram per kilogram of weight
	.5 gram per kilogram of weight
	.75 gram per kilogram of weight
	1 gram per kilogram of weight

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

	longer urethra
	premenopausal thinning
	weakened structures

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

	increase in weight
	increase in width
	decrease in area
	decrease in volume

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

	Urethra
	Urinary bladder
	Ureter
	Kidney

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

	10
	20
	30
	40

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

	surgical removal of the sphincter
	medications to modify bladder function
	electric shock therapy

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

	testosterone
	relaxin
	estrogen
	follicle stimulating hormone

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

	Ovarian
	Cervical
	Endometrial
	Vaginal

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

	Estrogen
	Progesterone
	Testosterone
	Luteinizing hormone

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?

	it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy
	it is more common in white males
	testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific
	it impairs the function of the liver

indigoalligator267

1. MarthaÃ¢â¬â¢s first patient on the pediatric floor is a 12-year oldboy named Sam who is undergoing kidney dialysis treatment. Sam hasbeen on dialysis for the last week, and the treatments willprobably be discontinued because his kidneys are becoming fullyfunctional again. Martha questions SamÃ¢â¬â¢s mother concerning hisillness. Three weeks ago, Sam had a sore throat, which kept himhome from school for two days but was not medically treated. Oneweek ago, Sam told his mother his urine looked red-brown and foamy.He was admitted to the hospital. Physical exam revealedcostovertebral tenderness and blood pressure of 135/90. Theurinalysis and other studies revealed the following:

Color: red-brown tinged
Specific gravity: 1.030
RBCÃ¢â¬â¢s: numerous RBCÃ¢â¬â¢s per high powered field
Protein: > 1g/24 hr
Casts: epithelial cells and RBCÃ¢â¬â¢s
BUN: 90 mg/dl
Creatinine: 4mg/dl
Creatine Clearance Test: 50 ml/min

a. What is your diagnosis?
i. Glomerulonephritis
ii. Cystitis
iii. Urinary obstruction
iv. Pyelitis

b. The etiology would be a(n):
i. Virus
ii. Bacteria
iii. Genetic or developmental anomaly
iv. Anatomic malfunction after birth

2. Fred suffers from chronic emphysema. His arterial blood gasresults are as follows: pH 7.30; bicarbonate 32 mEq/l; PCO2 50 mmHg. Which of the following best describe FredÃ¢â¬â¢s condition?
a. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
b. Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
c. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
d. Respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation

3. Hypocalcaemia may develop in a patient with which of thefollowing conditions?
a. Chronic renal failure
b. Hyperparathyroidism
c. Thiazide therapy
d. Vitamin D overdose

4. Which of the following conditions would cause prerenalfailure?
a. Nephrotoxicity
b. Glomerulonephritis
c. Acute tubular necrosis
d. Hypovolemia

5. Abnormal serum laboratory findings common to patients with acuterenal failure are:
a. Increased potassium and BUN; decreased creatinine
b. Increased potassium and creatinine; decreased BUN
c. Decreased potassium; increased BUN and creatinine
d. Increased potassium, BUN and creatinine

6. In the diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis (ATN), theclinician must be alert for which of the followingcomplications?
a. Fluid overload
b. Hypokalemia
c. Hypertension
d. Hypernatremia

7. The primary acid-base disorder associated with renal failureis:
a. Respiratory acidosis
b. Metabolic acidosis
c. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Metabolic alkalosis

8. Patients with acute renal failure may have all of the followingcomplications EXCEPT:
a. Peaked T wave EKG and pericarditis
b. Sinus tachycardia and ST elevation
c. Heart failure and Friction rub
d. Mitral insufficiency and Mobitz type II heart block

9. A patientÃ¢â¬â¢s glomerular filtration rate can be measure byevaluating:
a. Serum creatinine
b. Blood urea nitrogen
c. Serum osmolarity
d. Creatinine clearance

10. A patient taking medication that acts to block or inhibit theaction of aldosterone would:
a. Have high blood potassium levels
b. Have high blood sodium levels
c. Have high levels of circulating aldosterone
d. A, B, and C
e. A and C only

11. A patient exhibits the following signs and symptoms: Elevatedblood pressure, elevated blood glucose, muscle weakness, poor woundhealing, red cheeks, thin arms and legs with fat deposits in thetrunk, neck and face. The patient findings are consistentwith:
a. AddisonÃ¢â¬â¢s Disease
b. Myxedema
c. CushingÃ¢â¬â¢s disease or long-term high dose steroid use
d. GraveÃ¢â¬â¢s disease
e. Pheochoromocytoma

12. The MOST dramatic functional change that occurs in theendocrine system due to aging is
a. A decrease in blood and tissue concentrations of ADH andTSH
b. And overall decrease in circulating levels of mosthormones.
c. A decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones
d. And increase in the secretion of glucocortioids

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BMS 250 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Dermatology, Stratum Spinosum, Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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