Economics 1776 Chapter Notes - Chapter Nicole: Pierre Nicole, Intendant
18 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Of#Charity#and#Self-Love#(Pierre%Nicole)
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self-love"%(1)
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9$#%+)("%D@(#4.(&,(#.D%$)("%D
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"This%monster%lives%and%reigns%in%us%absolutely,%except%God%
destroy%its%empire%putting%another%love%into%our%hearts.%It%is%
the%principal%of%all%our%actions,%which%has%no%other%than%
corrupted%nature:%and%so%far%it%is%from%terrifying%us,%that%we%
love,%and%hate%all%things%which%are%out%of%us,%only%as%they%
conform%or%are%contrary%to%our%inclusion"%(1-2)
H
This%tyrannical%disposition%being%stamped%in%the%bottom%of%all%
men's%hearts,%render%them%violent,%unjust,%cruel,%ambitious,%
flatterers,%envious,%insolent,%and%quarrelous
§
I"#&(,&")$(J6#*%&%)+(D6+&(5)(#..(&,(0,$D(#(&$6)(%.)#<
○
K7")(4#D)(,0(+)*01*,2)(%+(4,&(+600%:%)4&(&,(D#3)(6+(34,5(%&+(4#&6$)@(+%4:)(5)(
D#'(*,2)(,6$+)*2)+(.%2)$+)(5#'+K(=?B
;
I)(5%+"(&"#&(#**(,&")$+(+",6*.(*,2)(6+@(,E)'(6+@(#4.(&"#&(&")'(+",6*.(E)(
E6+%).(5%&"(&")(:#$)(,0(+#&%+0'%48(6+
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"Behold%then%by%this%means%all%men%differ%one%with%another;%and%if%he%
[Hobbes]%who%has%said%that%men%are%born%in%a%state%and%condition%of%
war,%and%that%each%man%is%naturally%an%enemy%to%all%other%men,%had%a%
mind%only%to%represent%by%these%words%the%disposition%of%the%hearts%of%
men,%one%toward%another,%without%pretense%of%passing%it%for%legitimate%
and%just;%he%would%have%said%something%conforming%to%truth%and%
experience,%as%that%which%is%maintained%is%contrary%to%reason%and%
justice"%(2)
○
7")(+)*01*,2)(,0(,&")$(D)4(,99,+)+(#**(&")(.)+%$)+(,0(,6$+
;
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9$)+)$2#&%,4@(#4.(&")$)(%+(4,(,&")$(5#'(&,(#::,D9*%+"(&"%+(E6&(&,(
64%&)(5%&"(,&")$+@(&,(E)#&(E#:3(E'(0,$:)(&",+)(5",(64.)$)(&,(
.)9$%2)(6+(E,&"(,0(,6$(*%2)+(#4.(0,$&64)+>(7,(+&$)48&")4(&"%+(64%,4@(
*#5+(#$)(D#.)@(#4.(964%+"D)4&+(,$.)$).(0,$(&",+)(5",(2%,*#&)(
&")D>(Thus%by%the%means%of%tortures%and%gibbets%set%up%in%public%
are%the%thoughts%and%tyrannical%designs%of%every%man's%self-love%
restrained%(2)
§
Each%man%sees%himself%in%an%impossibility%of%succeeding%by%force%into%the%
designs%which%his%ambition%suggests%to%him,%and%understands%that%he%
can%lose%by%that%violence%of%others%the%essential%goods%he%possesses.%
○
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&")D+)*2)+(&,(E)(.,D%4))$).(,2)$@(#4.(#$)(+,,4)$($)#.'(&,()(#5#'(0$,D(%&(
&")(8,,.+(%&(*,2)+(E)+&>K
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Fear%of%death%is%thus%the%first%tie%of%civil%society,%and%the%first%check%on%self-love%
(3)
;
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9$))D%4)4:)@(#6&",$%&'@(%4&)4.#4:'@(:,4+%.)$#&%,4@(T6$%+.%:&%,4@(#4.(&,()P9#4.(
"%+(9,5)$(#+(D6:"(#+(")(:#4>(=QB
;
There%are%many%who%scarcely%do%what%they%ought%to%make%them%
beloved,%but%there%are%none%who%do%not%desire%to%be%beloved,%and%who%
do%not%behold%with%great%pleasure%this%propensity%in%others%turned%
towards%them,%which%is%that%which%is%called%love%(4)
○
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,&")$+(#+(8$)#&(#4.(9,5)$06*@(#4.(&"#&(5)(+&%$(69(%4(&")%$(")#$&+(D,&%,4+(,0(
$)+9):&(#4.(+6ED%++%,4(=UB
;
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%D9$,9)$(&,(D#3)(6+(E)(E)*,2).@(#4.(.,(4,&(9)$:)%2)(,6$+)*2)+(%4:,42)4%)4:).(
5")4(5)(+))(%4(&")(D%4.+(,0(,&")$+(D,&%,4+(,0("#&$).(#4.(#2)$+%,4
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)00):&+(,0(%&@(E6&(4,&()00):&%2)*'
○
"there%is%also%a%common%distinction%for%all%men;%they%know%that%in%every%
one,%at%some%point,%certain%actions%will%excite%hatred,%and%others%cause%
love"%(4).%
○
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*,2)@(#&(*)#+&(%&(%+(&")(D,+&(8)4)$#*K(=UB
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-,.@(+)*01*,2)()48#8)+(6+(&,(9*)#+)(D)4(=WB
○
"Because%marching%in%the%same%steps,%and%producing%the%same%
effects,%it%defaces%with%a%marvelous%subtlety%all%the%signs%and%
characters%of%self-love%from%whence%it%springs,%because%it%sees%very%
well%that%it%could%obtain%nothing%of%what%it%desires%if%they%were%
noticed"%(5)
§
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+,($)4.)$+(6+(*%3)(&",+)(5",(#2,%.(&")D(&"$,68"(:"#$%&'
;
KIt%is%not%difficult%to%comprehend%how%charity%renders%us%humble.%For%making%
us%love%justice,%which%is%God%himself,%it%makes%us%hate%injustice,%which%is%
contrary%to%him."%(6)
;
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SECTION%XIX%???;
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in%search%of%esteem,%and%the%affection%of%men,%it%imitates%charity%
perfectly,%so%that%in%examining%exterior%actions%it%gives%us%the%same%
answer%that%charity%does,%and%engages%us%in%the%same%ways"%(7)
○
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KA0(5)(:#44,&("#2)(&")(8*,$'(,0(E)%48(5%&",6&(0#6*&+@(5)(D6+&("#2)(&"#&(,0(
34,5%48(&")D@(#4.(4,&(E)%48(:")#&+(&,(,6$+)*2)+>(F)&(6+()(#5#'(&")4(0$,D(
,&")$+(&")(9*)#+6$)(,0(%48(4,&%:)(,0(&")D@(%4(,E+)$2%48(&")D(,6$+)*2)+(0%$+&@(
#4.(&")$)E'(.%+#$D%48(&")%$(5%:3).4)++K(=YB
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[,&"%48(%+(#(8$)#&)$(+&6DE*%48(E*,:3((&"#4(&")("#68"&%4)++(,0(&",+)(5",(
#$)(4,&(#E*)(&,()4.6$)(&,(E)(#.D,4%+").(0,$(#4'(,0(&")%$(0#6*&+@(5",($)E)*(
#8#%4+&(&$6&"@(#4.(5",(5%+"(&"#&(#**(&")(5,$*.(5)$)(E*%4.(&,(&")D@(,$(
5,6*.(+699$)++(&")%$(&",68"&+(=\B
○
"Self-love%therefore%without%hesitating%takes%this%last%part,%and%
thereby%makes%us%insinuate%ourselves%so%agreeably%into%the%hearts%
of%those%who%reprove%us,%that%they%love%those%who%humble%
themselves%in%that%manner%much%better,%whatever%faults%they%
have,%than%those%who%have%none%and%thus%have%no%opportunity%to%
give%them%this%satisfaction"%(9)
§
KSo%that%if%these%faults%make%us%more%humble,%or%if%these%brave%
qualities%render%us%more%haughty,%others%will%love%us%with%these%
faults,%and%hate%us%with%all%those%brave%qualities"%(9).%
§
]4(&")(:,4&$#$'@(4,&"%48(%+(D,$)(#8$))#E*)(&,(9),9*)(&"#4(&,(E)(0$)).(
0$,D(&")($)+%+:)(,0(,&")$+@(#4.(&,(+))(&"#&(&")'(96&(#(+&,9(&,(&")%$(
T6.8)D)4&+@(#4.(&"6+(%4(+,D)(5#'(+6ED%&(&")D+)*2)+(&,(&")%$()D9%$)
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Of#Charity#and#Self-Love#(Pierre%Nicole)
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self-love"%(1)
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9$#%+)("%D@(#4.(&,(#.D%$)("%D
§
"This%monster%lives%and%reigns%in%us%absolutely,%except%God%
destroy%its%empire%putting%another%love%into%our%hearts.%It%is%
the%principal%of%all%our%actions,%which%has%no%other%than%
corrupted%nature:%and%so%far%it%is%from%terrifying%us,%that%we%
love,%and%hate%all%things%which%are%out%of%us,%only%as%they%
conform%or%are%contrary%to%our%inclusion"%(1-2)
H
This%tyrannical%disposition%being%stamped%in%the%bottom%of%all%
men's%hearts,%render%them%violent,%unjust,%cruel,%ambitious,%
flatterers,%envious,%insolent,%and%quarrelous
§
I"#&(,&")$(J6#*%&%)+(D6+&(5)(#..(&,(0,$D(#(&$6)(%.)#<
○
K7")(4#D)(,0(+)*01*,2)(%+(4,&(+600%:%)4&(&,(D#3)(6+(34,5(%&+(4#&6$)@(+%4:)(5)(
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;
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"Behold%then%by%this%means%all%men%differ%one%with%another;%and%if%he%
[Hobbes]%who%has%said%that%men%are%born%in%a%state%and%condition%of%
war,%and%that%each%man%is%naturally%an%enemy%to%all%other%men,%had%a%
mind%only%to%represent%by%these%words%the%disposition%of%the%hearts%of%
men,%one%toward%another,%without%pretense%of%passing%it%for%legitimate%
and%just;%he%would%have%said%something%conforming%to%truth%and%
experience,%as%that%which%is%maintained%is%contrary%to%reason%and%
justice"%(2)
○
7")(+)*01*,2)(,0(,&")$(D)4(,99,+)+(#**(&")(.)+%$)+(,0(,6$+;
7"%+(,E*%8)+(6+(#&(0%$+&(&,(+6ED%&(&,(&")(:#$)(,0(,6$(,54(
9$)+)$2#&%,4@(#4.(&")$)(%+(4,(,&")$(5#'(&,(#::,D9*%+"(&"%+(E6&(&,(
64%&)(5%&"(,&")$+@(&,(E)#&(E#:3(E'(0,$:)(&",+)(5",(64.)$)(&,(
.)9$%2)(6+(E,&"(,0(,6$(*%2)+(#4.(0,$&64)+>(7,(+&$)48&")4(&"%+(64%,4@(
*#5+(#$)(D#.)@(#4.(964%+"D)4&+(,$.)$).(0,$(&",+)(5",(2%,*#&)(
&")D>(Thus%by%the%means%of%tortures%and%gibbets%set%up%in%public%
are%the%thoughts%and%tyrannical%designs%of%every%man's%self-love%
restrained%(2)
§
Each%man%sees%himself%in%an%impossibility%of%succeeding%by%force%into%the%
designs%which%his%ambition%suggests%to%him,%and%understands%that%he%
can%lose%by%that%violence%of%others%the%essential%goods%he%possesses.%
○
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&")(8,,.+(%&(*,2)+(E)+&>K
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○
Fear%of%death%is%thus%the%first%tie%of%civil%society,%and%the%first%check%on%self-love%
(3)
;
A4()2)$'(+&#&)(#4.(%4()2)$'(:,4.%&%,4(")()4.)#2,$+(#*5#'+(&,(#:J6%$)(+,D)(
9$))D%4)4:)@(#6&",$%&'@(%4&)4.#4:'@(:,4+%.)$#&%,4@(T6$%+.%:&%,4@(#4.(&,()P9#4.(
"%+(9,5)$(#+(D6:"(#+(")(:#4>(=QB
;
There%are%many%who%scarcely%do%what%they%ought%to%make%them%
beloved,%but%there%are%none%who%do%not%desire%to%be%beloved,%and%who%
do%not%behold%with%great%pleasure%this%propensity%in%others%turned%
towards%them,%which%is%that%which%is%called%love%(4)
○
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○
"there%is%also%a%common%distinction%for%all%men;%they%know%that%in%every%
one,%at%some%point,%certain%actions%will%excite%hatred,%and%others%cause%
love"%(4).%
○
KA0(&")(.)+%$)(,0(E)%48(*,2).(%+(4,&(&")(+&$,48)+&(9#++%,4(5"%:"(+9$%48+(0$,D(+)*01
*,2)@(#&(*)#+&(%&(%+(&")(D,+&(8)4)$#*K(=UB
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○
"Because%marching%in%the%same%steps,%and%producing%the%same%
effects,%it%defaces%with%a%marvelous%subtlety%all%the%signs%and%
characters%of%self-love%from%whence%it%springs,%because%it%sees%very%
well%that%it%could%obtain%nothing%of%what%it%desires%if%they%were%
noticed"%(5)
§
K#*D,+&(%D9,++%E*)(&,(34,5(9$):%+)*'(5"#&(.%+&%486%+")+(M+)*01*,2)O(0$,D(
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;
KIt%is%not%difficult%to%comprehend%how%charity%renders%us%humble.%For%making%
us%love%justice,%which%is%God%himself,%it%makes%us%hate%injustice,%which%is%
contrary%to%him."%(6)
;
K7")(")#$&(,0()#:"(D#4(&6$4).(#E+,*6&)*'(&,5#$.+(%&+)*0K(=XB;
SECTION%XIX%???;
"Thus%it%is%always%true%to%say,%that%when%self-love%follows%reason%exactly%
in%search%of%esteem,%and%the%affection%of%men,%it%imitates%charity%
perfectly,%so%that%in%examining%exterior%actions%it%gives%us%the%same%
answer%that%charity%does,%and%engages%us%in%the%same%ways"%(7)
○
!"#$%&'(%+(D,$)($)D,2).(0$,D(#00):&#&%,4(&"#4(D)$)(:%2%*%&';
KA0(5)(:#44,&("#2)(&")(8*,$'(,0(E)%48(5%&",6&(0#6*&+@(5)(D6+&("#2)(&"#&(,0(
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#4.(&")$)E'(.%+#$D%48(&")%$(5%:3).4)++K(=YB
;
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[,&"%48(%+(#(8$)#&)$(+&6DE*%48(E*,:3((&"#4(&")("#68"&%4)++(,0(&",+)(5",(
#$)(4,&(#E*)(&,()4.6$)(&,(E)(#.D,4%+").(0,$(#4'(,0(&")%$(0#6*&+@(5",($)E)*(
#8#%4+&(&$6&"@(#4.(5",(5%+"(&"#&(#**(&")(5,$*.(5)$)(E*%4.(&,(&")D@(,$(
5,6*.(+699$)++(&")%$(&",68"&+(=\B
○
"Self-love%therefore%without%hesitating%takes%this%last%part,%and%
thereby%makes%us%insinuate%ourselves%so%agreeably%into%the%hearts%
of%those%who%reprove%us,%that%they%love%those%who%humble%
themselves%in%that%manner%much%better,%whatever%faults%they%
have,%than%those%who%have%none%and%thus%have%no%opportunity%to%
give%them%this%satisfaction"%(9)
§
KSo%that%if%these%faults%make%us%more%humble,%or%if%these%brave%
qualities%render%us%more%haughty,%others%will%love%us%with%these%
faults,%and%hate%us%with%all%those%brave%qualities"%(9).%
§
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0$,D(&")($)+%+:)(,0(,&")$+@(#4.(&,(+))(&"#&(&")'(96&(#(+&,9(&,(&")%$(
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;
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