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HomeTextbook Notes300,000US110,000

AS.020.151 Chapter 3: Chapter 3 Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

83 views8 pages
violetcat91
12 Jun 2018
School
JHU
Department
AS Biology
Course
AS.020.151
Professor
Shingles, Richard; Pearlman, Rebecca Shari; Roberson, Christov

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!"#$%&#'(#&)*
+",#-&.,/'0-.1%2'-13,*4&-2'3,)'%561%**'7%,%-&#'&,8.143-&.,
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:.$;4%1*/'<!('3,)'=!('>"*%)'-.'%,#.)%'*%?"%,#%*'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'61.-%&,*@
Nucleotides
AB1%%'#.46.,%,-*/',&-1.7%,."*'C3*%2'6%,-.*%'*"7312'D'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'>E'FB%,'#.,,%#-%)@
:B.*6B3-%'71."6/':GH
Linking/Nucleotides:
I6%,-.*%'*"731'&,'$3*-',"#$%.-&)%'&,'#B3&,'C.,)*'F&-B'6B.*6B3-%'71."6'.,'-B%',%F',"#$%.-&)%'
>:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL'.,'&-*'*"731@'>C.,)'.##"1*'C%-F%%,':'3,)'DKL'GM'71."6@
I71.F'&,'JK'-.'DK')&1%#-&.,
I#.,)%,*3-&.,'1%3#-&.,
I8.14'phosphodiester/bonds
Complementary/Base/Pairing:
IC3*%*'$&,N%)'C;'M'C.,)*'>F%3N'&,)&O&)"3$$;2'*-1.,7'F&-B'-B%',"4C%1'.8'-B%4@
Nitrogenous/bases:
:;1&4&)&,%*'>.,%'1&,7@I
L;-.*&,%'>!MP@
AB;4&,%'>MDL@
Q13#&$
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Pentose/Sugar:
<%.5;1&C.*%'&,'<!('>.,%'$%**'G@
=&C.*%'&,'=!(
<&88%1'3-'-B%'PKL'6.*&-&.,
!"4C%1'L'*-31-&,7'3-'C3*%
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I8.$)'.,-.'&-*%$82'M'C.,)*'C%-F%%,',"#$%.-&)%*
I*-3C&$&T%'&,-.'D<'*B36%
<!(/
I*"731'3,)'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'8.14'*&)%*'.8'$3))%1'>#.O3$%,-'6B.*6B.)&%*-%1'C.,)*@
IC3*%*'FU'M'C.,)*'8.14'-B%'1",7*
Directionality/
IJK'%,)'B3*'6B.*6B3-%
IDK'%,)'B3*'81%%'B;)1.5;$'71."6
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(IA'-F.'C.,)*
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9.,.4%1*/'34&,.'3#&)*
Structure/of/Amino/Acids:
IAF.'8",#-&.,3$'71."6*/'34&,.'71."6'>!'#.,-3&,&,7@2'3#&)&#'#31C.5;$'71."6'
I(4&,.'71."6'>!MP@'#3,'C%'61.-.,3-%)'>!MDV@
Categories/of/Amino/Acids:
+.#"*'.,'*&)%'#B3&,*'>='71."6*@'-.')&88%1%,-&3-%
6.$31'3,)'#B317%)I#3,').,3-%U3##%6-'61.-.,*E@
6.$31'3,)'",#B317%)I B3O%'G'3O3&$3C$%'-.'631-&#&63-%'&,'M'C.,)*'>*.4%-&4%*'!@P@
,.,6.$31I.8-%,'W"*-'L'3,)'MD@
*6%#&3$'#3*%*IH@
CysteineI #3,'*B%)'M'3,)'8.14'#.O3$%,-'C.,)'C%-F%%,'0'&,'-F.'L;*-%&,%*
I)&*"$8&)%'C.,)'
GlycineI *&)%'#B3&,'&*'W"*-'M2'#3,'8&-'&,-.'*43$$'*63#%*'&,'61.-%&,
ProlineI #B3&,'.8'ML2'$&,N%)'C3#N'-.'34&,.'71."62'C"$N;2'N&,N%)'631-'.8'61.-%&,
Protein/Backbone/'3$$'34&,.'3#&)*'$&,N%)'-.7%-B%1'>,.-'#.",-&,7'='71."6*@
Polypeptide/Chain/'.,%'*-1&,7'.8'34&,.'3#&)*
Protein/'#.46.*%)'.8'.,%'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*
Levels/of/Protein/Structure:
IPrimary/StructureI *%?"%,#%'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'3'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'F&-B',.'8.$)&,7'>6%6-&)%'C.,)*@
ISecondary/StructureI8.$)'&,-.'3$6B3'B%$&5'.1'C%-3'*B%%-2'1%7"$31'3,)'1%6%3-%)'63--%1,*'&,'$.#3$'1%7&.,*2'*-3C&$&T%)'C;'M'C.,)*'
>81.4'C3#NC.,%'.,$;2',.'='71."6*@
ITertiary/StructureI %,-&1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'&*'C%,-'3,)'8.$)%)'"6.,'&-*%$82')%8&,&-&O%'D<'*B36%2'#3,'B3O%'4.1%'-B3,'.,%'
*%#.,)31;'*-1"#-"1%2'&,-%13#-&.,*'C%-F%%,'='71."6*'>*&)%'#B3&,*@>)&*"$8&)%'8.1'#;*-%&,%2',.,I#.O3$%,-'8.1'1%*-@
IQuaternary/StructureI -F.'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*'#.4%'-.7%-B%12'*-3C&$&T%)'C;',.,I#.O3$%,-'&,-%13#-&.,*'>#3,'3$*.'.##"1'
-B1."7B')&*"$8&)%'C.,)*@
I<%,3-"13-&.,I)&*1"6-&.,'.8'8.$)%)'*-1"#-"1%
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<.,K-'#B3,7%'*6.,-3,%&-;'
<.,K-'3$-%1')%$-3RU)%$-3R,3"7B-
<.,K-'#B3,7%'%?"&$&C1&"4'4&5-"1%
Types/of/Inhibition:
IL.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3#-&O%'*&-%'3,)')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
I!.,#.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3$$.*-%1&#'*&-%2'#B3,7&,7'-B%'*B36%'.8'-B%'3#-&O%'*&-%2')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
X,T;4%*'$.F%1'3#-&O3-&.,'%,%17;I ,%%)'-.'7.'-B1."7B'-13,*&-&.,'*-3-%'>FB%,'*"C*-13-%*'31%'#.,O%1-%)'-.'61.)"#-*2'-B%'B&7B'
%,%17;'*-1"#-"1%'-B3-'&*'8.14%)@
Protein/Folding:
I8.$)'&,-.'",&?"%'D<'*-1"#-"1%*
IF&$$'8.$)'&,-.'4.1%'%,%17%-&#3$$;'*-3C$%'*-1"#-"1%
I435&4&T%'%56.*"1%'.8'6.$31'3,)'#B317%)'*&)%'#B3&,*
IC&.$.7&#3$$;'3#-&O%'8.$)%)'61.-%&,'*-1"#-"1%I,3-&O%'*-1"#-"1%
Peptide/Bonds:
I$&,N'34&,.'3#&)*
I-B1."7B'#.,)%,*3-&.,
I1%?"&1%*',%-'&,6"-'.8'%,%17;
IC%-F%%,'L'3,)'!'F&-B'LSG'3,)'!IM
Protein/Growth:
I#3,'.,$;'71.F'81.4'34&,.'%,)'>!'-%14&,"*@'-.'#31C.5;$'%,)'>L'-%14&,"*@
LB36-%1'D/'!"#$%&#'(#&)*2':1.-%&,*2'3,)'X,T;4%*
Monday, October 23, 2017
1:10 PM
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!"#$%&#'(#&)*
+",#-&.,/'0-.1%2'-13,*4&-2'3,)'%561%**'7%,%-&#'&,8.143-&.,
9.,.4%1*/'!"#$%.-&)%*
:.$;4%1*/'<!('3,)'=!('>"*%)'-.'%,#.)%'*%?"%,#%*'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'61.-%&,*@
Nucleotides
AB1%%'#.46.,%,-*/',&-1.7%,."*'C3*%2'6%,-.*%'*"7312'D'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'>E'FB%,'#.,,%#-%)@
:B.*6B3-%'71."6/':GH
Linking/Nucleotides:
I6%,-.*%'*"731'&,'$3*-',"#$%.-&)%'&,'#B3&,'C.,)*'F&-B'6B.*6B3-%'71."6'.,'-B%',%F',"#$%.-&)%'
>:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL'.,'&-*'*"731@'>C.,)'.##"1*'C%-F%%,':'3,)'DKL'GM'71."6@
I71.F'&,'JK'-.'DK')&1%#-&.,
I#.,)%,*3-&.,'1%3#-&.,
I8.14'phosphodiester/bonds
Complementary/Base/Pairing:
IC3*%*'$&,N%)'C;'M'C.,)*'>F%3N'&,)&O&)"3$$;2'*-1.,7'F&-B'-B%',"4C%1'.8'-B%4@
Nitrogenous/bases:
:;1&4&)&,%*'>.,%'1&,7@I
L;-.*&,%'>!MP@
AB;4&,%'>MDL@
Q13#&$
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Pentose/Sugar:
<%.5;1&C.*%'&,'<!('>.,%'$%**'G@
=&C.*%'&,'=!(
<&88%1'3-'-B%'PKL'6.*&-&.,
!"4C%1'L'*-31-&,7'3-'C3*%
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I8.$)'.,-.'&-*%$82'M'C.,)*'C%-F%%,',"#$%.-&)%*
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I*"731'3,)'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'8.14'*&)%*'.8'$3))%1'>#.O3$%,-'6B.*6B.)&%*-%1'C.,)*@
IC3*%*'FU'M'C.,)*'8.14'-B%'1",7*
Directionality/
IJK'%,)'B3*'6B.*6B3-%
IDK'%,)'B3*'81%%'B;)1.5;$'71."6
I71.F*'JK'-.'DK
(IA'-F.'C.,)*
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9.,.4%1*/'34&,.'3#&)*
Structure/of/Amino/Acids:
IAF.'8",#-&.,3$'71."6*/'34&,.'71."6'>!'#.,-3&,&,7@2'3#&)&#'#31C.5;$'71."6'
I(4&,.'71."6'>!MP@'#3,'C%'61.-.,3-%)'>!MDV@
Categories/of/Amino/Acids:
+.#"*'.,'*&)%'#B3&,*'>='71."6*@'-.')&88%1%,-&3-%
6.$31'3,)'#B317%)I#3,').,3-%U3##%6-'61.-.,*E@
6.$31'3,)'",#B317%)I B3O%'G'3O3&$3C$%'-.'631-&#&63-%'&,'M'C.,)*'>*.4%-&4%*'!@P@
,.,6.$31I.8-%,'W"*-'L'3,)'MD@
*6%#&3$'#3*%*IH@
CysteineI #3,'*B%)'M'3,)'8.14'#.O3$%,-'C.,)'C%-F%%,'0'&,'-F.'L;*-%&,%*
I)&*"$8&)%'C.,)'
GlycineI *&)%'#B3&,'&*'W"*-'M2'#3,'8&-'&,-.'*43$$'*63#%*'&,'61.-%&,
ProlineI #B3&,'.8'ML2'$&,N%)'C3#N'-.'34&,.'71."62'C"$N;2'N&,N%)'631-'.8'61.-%&,
Protein/Backbone/'3$$'34&,.'3#&)*'$&,N%)'-.7%-B%1'>,.-'#.",-&,7'='71."6*@
Polypeptide/Chain/'.,%'*-1&,7'.8'34&,.'3#&)*
Protein/'#.46.*%)'.8'.,%'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*
Levels/of/Protein/Structure:
IPrimary/StructureI *%?"%,#%'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'3'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'F&-B',.'8.$)&,7'>6%6-&)%'C.,)*@
ISecondary/StructureI8.$)'&,-.'3$6B3'B%$&5'.1'C%-3'*B%%-2'1%7"$31'3,)'1%6%3-%)'63--%1,*'&,'$.#3$'1%7&.,*2'*-3C&$&T%)'C;'M'C.,)*'
>81.4'C3#NC.,%'.,$;2',.'='71."6*@
ITertiary/StructureI %,-&1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'&*'C%,-'3,)'8.$)%)'"6.,'&-*%$82')%8&,&-&O%'D<'*B36%2'#3,'B3O%'4.1%'-B3,'.,%'
*%#.,)31;'*-1"#-"1%2'&,-%13#-&.,*'C%-F%%,'='71."6*'>*&)%'#B3&,*@>)&*"$8&)%'8.1'#;*-%&,%2',.,I#.O3$%,-'8.1'1%*-@
IQuaternary/StructureI -F.'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*'#.4%'-.7%-B%12'*-3C&$&T%)'C;',.,I#.O3$%,-'&,-%13#-&.,*'>#3,'3$*.'.##"1'
-B1."7B')&*"$8&)%'C.,)*@
I<%,3-"13-&.,I)&*1"6-&.,'.8'8.$)%)'*-1"#-"1%
X,T;4%*
X,T;4%*'31%'#3-3$;*-*'>-B%;'*6%%)'"6'1%3#-&.,*@
G,$;'*6%%)'"6'13-%'.8'1%3#-&.,
<.,K-'#B3,7%'*6.,-3,%&-;'
<.,K-'3$-%1')%$-3RU)%$-3R,3"7B-
<.,K-'#B3,7%'%?"&$&C1&"4'4&5-"1%
Types/of/Inhibition:
IL.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3#-&O%'*&-%'3,)')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
I!.,#.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3$$.*-%1&#'*&-%2'#B3,7&,7'-B%'*B36%'.8'-B%'3#-&O%'*&-%2')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
X,T;4%*'$.F%1'3#-&O3-&.,'%,%17;I ,%%)'-.'7.'-B1."7B'-13,*&-&.,'*-3-%'>FB%,'*"C*-13-%*'31%'#.,O%1-%)'-.'61.)"#-*2'-B%'B&7B'
%,%17;'*-1"#-"1%'-B3-'&*'8.14%)@
Protein/Folding:
I8.$)'&,-.'",&?"%'D<'*-1"#-"1%*
IF&$$'8.$)'&,-.'4.1%'%,%17%-&#3$$;'*-3C$%'*-1"#-"1%
I435&4&T%'%56.*"1%'.8'6.$31'3,)'#B317%)'*&)%'#B3&,*
IC&.$.7&#3$$;'3#-&O%'8.$)%)'61.-%&,'*-1"#-"1%I,3-&O%'*-1"#-"1%
Peptide/Bonds:
I$&,N'34&,.'3#&)*
I-B1."7B'#.,)%,*3-&.,
I1%?"&1%*',%-'&,6"-'.8'%,%17;
IC%-F%%,'L'3,)'!'F&-B'LSG'3,)'!IM
Protein/Growth:
I#3,'.,$;'71.F'81.4'34&,.'%,)'>!'-%14&,"*@'-.'#31C.5;$'%,)'>L'-%14&,"*@
LB36-%1'D/'!"#$%&#'(#&)*2':1.-%&,*2'3,)'X,T;4%*
Monday, October 23, 2017
1:10 PM
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 8 pages and 3 million more documents.

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!"#$%&#'(#&)*
+",#-&.,/'0-.1%2'-13,*4&-2'3,)'%561%**'7%,%-&#'&,8.143-&.,
9.,.4%1*/'!"#$%.-&)%*
:.$;4%1*/'<!('3,)'=!('>"*%)'-.'%,#.)%'*%?"%,#%*'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'61.-%&,*@
Nucleotides
AB1%%'#.46.,%,-*/',&-1.7%,."*'C3*%2'6%,-.*%'*"7312'D'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'>E'FB%,'#.,,%#-%)@
:B.*6B3-%'71."6/':GH
Linking/Nucleotides:
I6%,-.*%'*"731'&,'$3*-',"#$%.-&)%'&,'#B3&,'C.,)*'F&-B'6B.*6B3-%'71."6'.,'-B%',%F',"#$%.-&)%'
>:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL'.,'&-*'*"731@'>C.,)'.##"1*'C%-F%%,':'3,)'DKL'GM'71."6@
I71.F'&,'JK'-.'DK')&1%#-&.,
I#.,)%,*3-&.,'1%3#-&.,
I8.14'phosphodiester/bonds
Complementary/Base/Pairing:
IC3*%*'$&,N%)'C;'M'C.,)*'>F%3N'&,)&O&)"3$$;2'*-1.,7'F&-B'-B%',"4C%1'.8'-B%4@
Nitrogenous/bases:
:;1&4&)&,%*'>.,%'1&,7@I
L;-.*&,%'>!MP@
AB;4&,%'>MDL@
Q13#&$
:"1&,%*'>-F.'1&,7*@I
()%,&,%
R"3,&,%'>LSG@
Pentose/Sugar:
<%.5;1&C.*%'&,'<!('>.,%'$%**'G@
=&C.*%'&,'=!(
<&88%1'3-'-B%'PKL'6.*&-&.,
!"4C%1'L'*-31-&,7'3-'C3*%
I:'3--3#B%)'-.'JKL
IC3*%'3--3#B%)'-.'EKL
=!(/
I8.$)'.,-.'&-*%$82'M'C.,)*'C%-F%%,',"#$%.-&)%*
I*-3C&$&T%'&,-.'D<'*B36%
<!(/
I*"731'3,)'6B.*6B3-%'71."6*'8.14'*&)%*'.8'$3))%1'>#.O3$%,-'6B.*6B.)&%*-%1'C.,)*@
IC3*%*'FU'M'C.,)*'8.14'-B%'1",7*
(IA'-F.'C.,)*
LIR'-B1%%'C.,)*
:1.-%&,*
+",#-&.,*/'%,T;4%*2')%8%,*&O%'61.-%&,*2'B.14.,3$'3,)'1%7"$3-.1;2'1%#%6-.12'*-.137%2'*-1"#-"13$2'-13,*6.1-2'7%,%-&#'1%7"$3-.1;
9.,.4%1*/'34&,.'3#&)*
Structure/of/Amino/Acids:
IAF.'8",#-&.,3$'71."6*/'34&,.'71."6'>!'#.,-3&,&,7@2'3#&)&#'#31C.5;$'71."6'
I(4&,.'71."6'>!MP@'#3,'C%'61.-.,3-%)'>!MDV@
Categories/of/Amino/Acids:
+.#"*'.,'*&)%'#B3&,*'>='71."6*@'-.')&88%1%,-&3-%
6.$31'3,)'#B317%)I#3,').,3-%U3##%6-'61.-.,*E@
6.$31'3,)'",#B317%)I B3O%'G'3O3&$3C$%'-.'631-&#&63-%'&,'M'C.,)*'>*.4%-&4%*'!@P@
,.,6.$31I.8-%,'W"*-'L'3,)'MD@
*6%#&3$'#3*%*IH@
CysteineI #3,'*B%)'M'3,)'8.14'#.O3$%,-'C.,)'C%-F%%,'0'&,'-F.'L;*-%&,%*
I)&*"$8&)%'C.,)'
GlycineI *&)%'#B3&,'&*'W"*-'M2'#3,'8&-'&,-.'*43$$'*63#%*'&,'61.-%&,
ProlineI #B3&,'.8'ML2'$&,N%)'C3#N'-.'34&,.'71."62'C"$N;2'N&,N%)'631-'.8'61.-%&,
Protein/Backbone/'3$$'34&,.'3#&)*'$&,N%)'-.7%-B%1'>,.-'#.",-&,7'='71."6*@
Polypeptide/Chain/'.,%'*-1&,7'.8'34&,.'3#&)*
Protein/'#.46.*%)'.8'.,%'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*
Levels/of/Protein/Structure:
IPrimary/StructureI *%?"%,#%'.8'34&,.'3#&)*'&,'3'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'F&-B',.'8.$)&,7'>6%6-&)%'C.,)*@
ISecondary/StructureI8.$)'&,-.'3$6B3'B%$&5'.1'C%-3'*B%%-2'1%7"$31'3,)'1%6%3-%)'63--%1,*'&,'$.#3$'1%7&.,*2'*-3C&$&T%)'C;'M'C.,)*'
>81.4'C3#NC.,%'.,$;2',.'='71."6*@
ITertiary/StructureI %,-&1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,'&*'C%,-'3,)'8.$)%)'"6.,'&-*%$82')%8&,&-&O%'D<'*B36%2'#3,'B3O%'4.1%'-B3,'.,%'
*%#.,)31;'*-1"#-"1%2'&,-%13#-&.,*'C%-F%%,'='71."6*'>*&)%'#B3&,*@>)&*"$8&)%'8.1'#;*-%&,%2',.,I#.O3$%,-'8.1'1%*-@
IQuaternary/StructureI -F.'.1'4.1%'6.$;6%6-&)%'#B3&,*'#.4%'-.7%-B%12'*-3C&$&T%)'C;',.,I#.O3$%,-'&,-%13#-&.,*'>#3,'3$*.'.##"1'
-B1."7B')&*"$8&)%'C.,)*@
I<%,3-"13-&.,I)&*1"6-&.,'.8'8.$)%)'*-1"#-"1%
X,T;4%*
X,T;4%*'31%'#3-3$;*-*'>-B%;'*6%%)'"6'1%3#-&.,*@
G,$;'*6%%)'"6'13-%'.8'1%3#-&.,
<.,K-'#B3,7%'*6.,-3,%&-;'
<.,K-'3$-%1')%$-3RU)%$-3R,3"7B-
<.,K-'#B3,7%'%?"&$&C1&"4'4&5-"1%
Types/of/Inhibition:
IL.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3#-&O%'*&-%'3,)')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
I!.,#.46%-&-&O%'Y,B&C&-.1I C&,)*'-.'3$$.*-%1&#'*&-%2'#B3,7&,7'-B%'*B36%'.8'-B%'3#-&O%'*&-%2')%#1%3*%*'13-%'.8'15,
X,T;4%*'$.F%1'3#-&O3-&.,'%,%17;I ,%%)'-.'7.'-B1."7B'-13,*&-&.,'*-3-%'>FB%,'*"C*-13-%*'31%'#.,O%1-%)'-.'61.)"#-*2'-B%'B&7B'
%,%17;'*-1"#-"1%'-B3-'&*'8.14%)@
Protein/Folding:
I8.$)'&,-.'",&?"%'D<'*-1"#-"1%*
IF&$$'8.$)'&,-.'4.1%'%,%17%-&#3$$;'*-3C$%'*-1"#-"1%
I435&4&T%'%56.*"1%'.8'6.$31'3,)'#B317%)'*&)%'#B3&,*
IC&.$.7&#3$$;'3#-&O%'8.$)%)'61.-%&,'*-1"#-"1%I,3-&O%'*-1"#-"1%
Peptide/Bonds:
I$&,N'34&,.'3#&)*
I-B1."7B'#.,)%,*3-&.,
I1%?"&1%*',%-'&,6"-'.8'%,%17;
IC%-F%%,'L'3,)'!'F&-B'LSG'3,)'!IM
Protein/Growth:
I#3,'.,$;'71.F'81.4'34&,.'%,)'>!'-%14&,"*@'-.'#31C.5;$'%,)'>L'-%14&,"*@
LB36-%1'D/'!"#$%&#'(#&)*2':1.-%&,*2'3,)'X,T;4%*
Monday, October 23, 2017 1:10 PM
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Document Summary

Polymers: dna and rna (used to encode sequences of amino acids in proteins) Pentose sugar in last nucleotide in chain bonds with phosphate group on the new nucleotide (p attached to 5"c on its sugar) (bond occurs between p and 3"c oh group) Three components: nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, 3 phosphate groups (1 when connected) Pentose sugar in last nucleotide in chain bonds with phosphate group on the new nucleotide. Bases linked by h bonds (weak individually, strong with the number of them) Focus on side chains (r groups) to differentiate. Sugar and phosphate groups form sides of ladder (covalent phosphodiester bonds) Two functional groups: amino group (n containing), acidic carboxyl group. Focus on side chains (r groups) to differentiate polar and charged-can donate/accept protons: polar and uncharged-have o available to participate in h bonds (sometimes n, nonpolar-often just c and h. Cysteine-can shed h and form covalent bond between s in two cysteines.

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Related Questions

QUESTION 1. Compared to eukaryotic genomes, only prokaryotic genomes:

A. contain DNA organized by histones.
B. contain usually one, circular chromosome.
C. contain plasmid DNA.
D. have chromosomes contained in a nucleus.

QUESTION 2. Azathioprine is a drug that may be prescribed to transplant recipients to reduce the chance of tissue rejection reactions. In its active state, it acts as a purine analogue, inhibiting DNA biosynthesis. This means that 6-mercaptopurine will be inserted in place of a purine containing nucleotides during DNA replication. Given this drug's mode of action, you would expect it to be incorporated into DNA in place of:

A. nucleotides containing guanine or cytosine.
B. nucleotides containing adenine or thymine.
C nucleotides containing adenine or guanine.
D. nucleotides containing guanine nucleotide or uracil.

QUESTION 3. RNA is distinguished from DNA because only RNA:

A. typically exists as a single-stranded molecule.
B. has a 3' to 5' directionality.
C. is composed of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.
D. is composed of nucleotides that contain the nitrogen bases T, C, G, and A.

QUESTION 4. How are RNA nucleotides different from DNA nucleotides? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A. RNA nucleotides do not contain thymine.
B. RNA nucleotides use the sugar ribose, while DNA nucleotides do not.
C. RNA nucleotides lack phosphate.
D. RNA nucleotides incorporate pyrimidine nitrogen bases, while DNA nucleotides only incorporate purine nitrogen bases.

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

11 - Can you distinguish carboxylic acid, amino, and phosphate functional groups?

12- The 4 major types of macromolecules found in living cells are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

13- What distinguishes a monomer from a polymer. What are the monomer subunits that are used to produce the different types of macromolecules.

14- What is the general formula for a carbohydrate.

15- What are biologically important kinds of lipids. Why are these molecules important.

16- The monomer building block of a protein is an amino acid. What is the basic structure of an amino acid.

17- A nucleotide (the monomer building block of a nucleic acid) is comprised of a nitrogen base, a pentose (5C) sugar, and at least one phosphate.

18- What is the complete name for the nitrogen bases commonly referred to as A, G , C, T, and U. Which are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

19- What is the significance ATP?

20- Generally speaking, what are the functions of the different types of macromolecules.