CHM 211 Chapter Notes - Chapter 1: Boiling Point, Soft Drink, Food Coloring
CHM211: Chapter 1 page 1 of 7
Chapter 1: Matter, Energy, and the Origins of the Universe
science: study of nature that results in a logical explanation of the observations
chemistry: study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes
In what fields is chemistry used today? How is it used?
MATTER: AN ATOMIC VIEW
We study matter at different levels:
macroscopic: the level which we can observe with the naked eye
– e.g. geologists study rocks at the macroscopic level
microscopic: the level which we can observe using a microscope
– e.g. scientists study tiny animals, plants, or crystals at the microscopic level
atomic or molecular (also called particulate):
–at the level of atoms and molecules
–can only be “observed” using the most powerful microscopes
–most atoms and molecules are a few nanometers in size
→The term “nanotechnology” refers to materials created or developed by manipulating
atoms and/or molecules
CHM211: Chapter 1 page 2 of 7
CLASSES OF MATTER
matter: anything that has mass and occupies volume
pure substance: a single chemical consisting of
only one kind of matter
Two types of pure substances:
elements:
– consist of only one type of atom
– atoms cannot be broken down into smaller
components by chemical reaction
– e.g. copper wire (Cu), sulfur powder (S8)
– Examples also include sodium (Na),
barium (Ba), hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen
gas (O2), and chlorine gas (H2).
compounds:
– consist of more than one type of atom and
have a specific chemical formula
– Examples include hydrogen chloride (HCl),
water (H2O), sodium chloride (NaCl) which is
table salt, barium chloride (BaCl2)
Two or more pure substances can combine to
form mixtures.
mixtures:
– consist of many compounds and/or
elements, with no specific formula
–Matter having variable composition with
definite or varying properties
– can be separated into component
elements and/or compounds
– e.g. Any alloy like brass, steel, 10-K to
18-K gold (anything less than 24K gold); course mixtures like sea water, carbonated
soda; air is a mixture consisting of nitrogen (~78%), oxygen (21%), and other trace gases.
Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous:
– Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform appearance and composition.
– e.g. solutions (e.g salt water, soda, etc.), metallic alloys, etc.
– Heterogeneous mixtures do not have a uniform composition (e.g. solutions,
– e.g. chocolate chip cookie, coarse mixture of sand and iron filings
Document Summary
Chapter 1: matter, energy, and the origins of the universe science: study of nature that results in a logical explanation of the observations chemistry: study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes. We study matter at different levels: macroscopic: the level which we can observe with the naked eye. E. g. geologists study rocks at the macroscopic level microscopic: the level which we can observe using a microscope. E. g. scientists study tiny animals, plants, or crystals at the microscopic level atomic or molecular (also called particulate): At the level of atoms and molecules. Most atoms and molecules are a few nanometers in size can only be observed using the most powerful microscopes. The term nanotechnology refers to materials created or developed by manipulating atoms and/or molecules. Classes of matter matter: anything that has mass and occupies volume pure substance: a single chemical consisting of only one kind of matter. Consist of only one type of atom.
