PSY30400 Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Deep Structure And Surface Structure, Divergent Thinking
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
• How Experts Solve Problems:
o Experts:
▪ people who, by devoting a large amount of time to learning about a field and
practicing and applying that learning, have become acknowledged as being
extremely knowledgeable or skilled in that particular field
▪ Better than nonexperts at solving problems in their field
▪ Research has focused on the differences in the ways that experts and
nonexperts go about solving problems
o Differences between Experts and Nonexperts Problem Solving Methods:
▪ What is behind the faster speed and greater success that experts achieve
when sovling problems in comparison to novices?
▪ Think about the chess example in which chess experts knew the boards
better when they were arranged in proper formation, but that knowledge
vanished when the pieces were scattered randomly
▪ Experts also organize knowledge differently than nonexperts
• Novices sort problems based on surface characteristics while the
expert sorted problems based on structural differences
o Expert perceived problems as similar because involved general
principles of physics
▪ focus on deep structure rather than surface
characteristics, thus leading to better problem solving
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