ECON 102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Health Maintenance Organization, Copayment, Price Ceiling

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7 Oct 2017

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Supply and demand gives you a lens through which to view the economy. People are not always happy with the market- determined price. The invisible hand isn"t the only factor that determines prices; social and political forces are also involved. When prices fall, sellers look to the government to hold prices up; when prices rose, buyers look to the government for ways to hold prices down. Happens when the government wants to hold prices down. Price ceiling: a government imposed limit on how high a price can be charged: the limit is generally below the equilibrium price. If it is above the equilibrium price, it will have no effect. If the price is below the eq, the quantity demanded will exceed the quantity supplied and there will be excess demand. Rent control: a price ceiling on rents, set by government. The government tries to favour suppliers by attempting to prevent the price from falling below a certain level.

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MBA502, Economics for Business

Apply and Discover 7.2

You are responsible for economic policymaking in your country. Your desire is to eliminate inflation, keeping prices absolutely stable at P = 100, no matter what happens to output. Currently, the economy is in equilibrium at Q = 3200 (where Q = potential GDP) and P = 100. You can use monetary and fiscal policies to affect aggregate demand but you cannot affect aggregate supply in the short run. How would you respond to the following scenarios?

Explain and illustrate how each of these events would affect aggregate demand, aggregate supply, and prices, then explain how you would respond with economic policies.

1. A surprise increase in investment spending

In the short run, when investment spending increases, it results in an increase in Aggregate Demand (AD), which in turn pushes up both GPD and the price index.

To counterbalance this development, government might pursue contractionary fiscal policy by increasing taxes (to reduce consumption) or decreasing its own investment and spending so that the AD curve shifts back to its original position. Alternatively, the government can pursue contractionary monetary policy by reducing money supply and increasing interest rate to discourage economic activity.

2. Catastrophic floods that cause a sharp food price increase

In this case, sharp food shortages and consequent price increases cause a shock-type adjustment of the aggregate supply curve (it shift up and to the left). The result is a lower GDP and a higher price level.

The government cannot do anything to adjust AS in the short run. However, if the goal is to maintain the price level constant, the government can decide to do something to decrease the aggregate demand to force prices to come down, though it will be accompanies by another contraction in GDP and so it would not be a smart thing to do.

To cause AD to decrease, the government, similar to example above, can pursue fiscal policy (increase taxes, decrease spending) or monetary policy (reduce supply of money to the economy and thus increase interest rates).

3. A productivity decline that reduces potential output

In this case, AS shifts to the left, as was the case in example 2. As a result, price levels go up, as the same amount of money is chasing the reduced amount of goods and services, and GDP declines.

Government remedies here would be centered about causing AD to decrease through contractionary fiscal (higher taxes, lower spending) or monetary (reduce money supply and increase interest rates) policy. Again, this decision reduces inflation but at expense of GDP, as real output shrinks further.

4. A deep depression in East Asia that causes a sharp decrease in net exports to the United States

A decrease in exports of goods to from the United States to Asia will mean that the aggregate demand (which includes net exports

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QUESTION 46

When the Fed buys a U.S. bond in the open market

		its action has no effect on the total reserves or the money supply because the check it writes increases reserves at one bank but they fall at another.
		its action expands total reserves and the money supply.
		its action contracts total reserves and the money supply.
		total reserves increase by the amount of the purchase but the money supply stays the same.

1.11 points

QUESTION 47

When the Fed sells government securities,

		reserves increase, leading to a decrease in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.
		reserves decrease, leading to a decrease in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.
		reserves increase, leading to a increase in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.
		reserves decrease, leading to a increase in the money supply by an amount more than the sale of the government securities.

1.11 points

QUESTION 48

The maximum potential money multiplier is equal to

		the reserve ratio.
		one minus the reserve ratio
		the inverse of the required reserve ratio.
		the number of dollars on reserve.

1.11 points

QUESTION 49

The potential money multiplier gives us

		the growth in the money supply when income increases.
		the growth in real national income when the money supply increases.
		the maximum potential change in the money supply due to a change in income.
		the maximum potential change in the money supply due to a change in reserves.

1.11 points

QUESTION 50

An increase in the reserve ratio

		increases the money multiplier.
		will cause banks to make more loans.
		has an expansionary effect on the money supply.
		has a contractionary effect on the money supply.

1.11 points

QUESTION 51

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures

		banks against lawsuits.
		the deposits held in member banks.
		the deposits held in the Fed.
		the federal funds market.

1.11 points

QUESTION 52

Bank runs are a possibility because

		in difficult times people want currency instead of demand deposits.
		the FDIC is inefficient.
		banks do not keep enough reserves to cover all their depository liabilities.
		bankers are often poor businesspeople.

1.11 points

QUESTION 53

The manner in which FDIC deposit insurance is set up in the United States encourages banks to

		make riskier loans than they otherwise would.
		reject some loans that probably would be profitable.
		maintain excess reserves that are too great.
		be too conservative in their lending practices.

1.11 points

QUESTION 54

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

		discourages banks from engaging in excessive risk taking.
		was established after the Panic of 1907.
		only insures deposits in money-center banks.
		increases the stability of the banking system by reducing the likelihood of bank runs.

1.11 points

QUESTION 55

What are the two features of money that distinguish it from all other goods in the economy?

		Money is government issued and it is redeemable for gold or silver.
		Money is part of every barter transaction and it is divisible.
		Money is accepted as a medium of exchange and it is the common unit of account used to express prices.
		Money is a common unit of account and it is also can be traded for other currencies at a guaranteed exchange rate.

1.11 points

QUESTION 56

Holding money to meet unplanned expenditures and emergencies is known as

		asset demand.
		precautionary demand.
		aggregate demand.
		transactions demand.

1.11 points

QUESTION 57

When people want to hold money to make regular planned expenditures, this is

		the transaction demand for money.
		the spending demand for money.
		the asset demand for money.
		the precautionary demand for money.

1.11 points

QUESTION 58

When interest rates rise, the transactions demand for money usually

		decreases.
		increases.
		decreases initially and then increases to the original position.
		does not change.

1.11 points

QUESTION 59

As nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rises, the transactions demand for money

		increases, and the money demand curve shifts to the right.
		remains constant, and the money demand curve remains the same.
		decreases, and the money demand curve shifts to the left.
		increases, and the money demand curve shifts to the left.

1.11 points

QUESTION 60

One of the economic costs of holding currency is that

		it fulfills no precautionary role.
		it fulfills no transactions role.
		it earns no interest income.
		its real value always increases.

blacktrout920

PLEASE HELP WITH ONLY THE BOLDED QUESTION THANK YOU

Consider the market for new, single-family homes in New Orleans. The general demand function for new housing in New Orleans is estimated to be Qd =15-2P+0.05M+0.10R where Qd is the monthly quantity demanded, P is the price per square foot, M is average monthly income in New Orleans, and R is the average monthly rent for a three-bedroom apartment in New Orleans. Qd is measured in units of 1,000 square feet per month. 1. New housing in New Orleans is a(n) __________________ (normal, inferior) good. How can you tell from the general demand function? 2. New housing and three-bedroom apartments are _________________ (substitutes, comple- ments) in New Orleans. How can you tell from the general demand function? 3. If average monthly income is $1,500 and the monthly rental rate for three-bedroom apart- ments is $700, then the demand function for new housing in New Orleans is Qd = _____________________________________. 4. Graph the demand curve for new housing in New Orleans on the axes provided below. Label the demand curve D0. 5. What happens to demand when the following changes occur? a. b. c. d. e. The price of the commodity rises. Income decreases and the commodity is normal. Income decreases and the commodity is inferior. The price of a complement good increases. The price of a substitute good decreases. The general supply function for new housing in New Orleans is estimated to be Qs =96+2P-10PL -4PK where P is the price per square foot of new housing in New Orleans, PL is the average hourly wage rate for construction workers, and PK is the price of capital (as measured by the average rate of interest paid on loans to home builders). Qs is measured in units of 1,000 square feet per month. 6. Does it make sense for PL and PK to have negative coefficients in the general supply func- tion? Explain why or why not. 7. If the average hourly wage rate for construction workers is $10 per hour and the average rate of interest on loans to builders is 9 percent (i.e., PK = 9), then the supply function for new housing is Qs = ______________________. 8. Graph the supply curve for new housing in the graph below. Label supply S0. 9. Other things remaining the same, what would happen to the supply of a particular commodity if the following changes occur? a. The price of the commodity increases. b. Government regulators outlaw the use of a technology that enables the good to be produced at a significantly lower cost. c. The prices of inputs used to produce the commodity decrease. d. The price of a commodity that is a substitute in production increases. e. Managers expect the price of the good to fall in the near future. f. As the cost of capital rises, firms in the industry stop purchasing plant and equip- ment, which allows depreciation to diminish the productive capacity in the indus- try. 10. Solve mathematically for equilibrium price and quantity. Show your work: PE = $__________ per square foot. QE = __________ square feet per month (in 1,000s). 11. Do your supply and demand curves intersect at PE and QE found in question 8 above? Should they? 12. In equilibrium found in question 8, compute total consumer, producer, and social surpluses: CS = $____________ PS = $____________ SS = $____________ 13. Suppose New Orleans suffers a serious recession that causes average monthly income to fall from $1,500 to $1,100 per month. If other things remain the same, the demand for new hous- ing in New Orleans is now: Qd = _______________________. Plot this new demand curve in the figure below. Label it D'. 14. Suppose that because of the recession in New Orleans, the wage rate for construction workers falls to $8 per hour. If other things remain the same, the supply of new housing in New Orle- ans is now: Qs = _______________________. Plot this new supply curve in the figure. Label the new supply curve S'. 15. After income falls to $1,100 and wages fall to $8, new equilibrium price and quantity are PE = $__________ per square foot QE = __________ square feet per month (in 1,000s) 16. Determine the effect upon equilibrium price and quantity sold if the following events occur in a particular market: a. The price of a substitute good (in consumption) decreases. b. Consumersâ income increases and the good is inferior. c. Government regulators decide to outlaw a cost-reducing technological process in order to protect the environment. d. The price of a complement good (in production) increases. e. The price of inputs used to produce the good decrease. f. Consumers expect that the price of the good will fall in the near future. g. It is widely publicized that consumption of the good is helpful in prevent- ing cancer. h. The price of a substitute good (in production) decreases. 17. Suppose that a pair of events from problem 15 occur simultaneously. For each of the pairs of events indicated below, perform a qualitative analysis to predict the direction of change in either the equilibrium price or the equilibrium quantity. Explain why the change in one of these two variables is indeterminate. a. Both a and h in problem 15 occur simultaneously. b. Both b and e in problem 15 occur simultaneously. c. Both d and g in problem 15 occur simultaneously. d. Both f and c in problem 15 occur simultaneously.

ECON 102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Health Maintenance Organization, Copayment, Price Ceiling

ECON 102 Full Course Notes

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