BIO 202 Chapter Notes - Chapter 18: Trp Operon, Lac Operon, Adenylyl Cyclase

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sangriaarmadillo203

28 Sep 2016

School

Stony Brook University

Department

Biology

Course

BIO 202

Professor

susanerster

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Document Summary

Prokaryotes: bacteria make their own amino acids from scratch. However, if they can find it in their environment or made enough to get by, they stop making them: an example of this is tryptophan (an amino acid that bacteria make themselves. You start with a precursor molecule, which then are converted by a few intermediate steps to the final molecule of tryptophan. To make tryptophan, it needs to make a number of enzymes, which are products of individual genes. That makes to make tryptophan, it needs to turn on these genes to make the enzymes that can catalyze the production of tryptophan from a precursor. The production of tryptophan can be regulated in two different ways. The level of gene expression: another example of this is when glucose runs out and the cell has to find another way to produce atp.

Related Questions

Please help! Not sure about these questions..thanks

QUESTION 1

An example of an endergonic reaction is

	A.	Polymerizing a protein from amino acids.
	B.	Breaking a protein down into amino acids.
	C.	Breaking down ATP into ADP and P.
	D.	Breaking down glucose (using oxygen) to make CO2 and H2O.

QUESTION 2

When ATP breaks down to supply energy for cellular reactions, it often transfers its 3rd phosphate to another molecule. This is called ______, and makes the other molecule _______ reactive.

	A.	catalysis . . . more
	B.	phosphorylation . . . more
	C.	phosphorylation . . . less
	D.	polymerization . . . less

QUESTION 3

Which is true of enzymes?

	A.	They are highly specific in the reactions they catalyze.
	B.	Chemically, most are carbohydrates.
	C.	They accelerate reactions by adding energy.
	D.	They break down and are used up as they catalyze reactions.

QUESTION 4

What is peristalsis?

	A.	Rings of muscle that can contract to close off the stomach at each end.
	B.	A gland that secretes saliva.
	C.	Coordinated muscle contractions that move the contents of the GI tract.
	D.	A stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins.

QUESTION 5

Which is not a component of gastric juice?

	A.	H2O
	B.	acid
	C.	pepsin
	D.	amylase

QUESTION 6

What does the enzyme pepsin do?

	A.	Completely breaks down proteins into individual amino acids.
	B.	Completely breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides.
	C.	Partially breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides.
	D.	Partially breaks down fats into fatty acids.

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1:

Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6 & 14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2)

1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements:

a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Select the correct answer and fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles:

a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they catabolize glucose to make ATP through __________________ and waste carbon is released as ___________.

b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids, [bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs.

c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S. Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals] convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals] eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their own proteins.

d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles.

*The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs

3. Identify the main metabolic classifications:

A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight
A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals
A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy
A microbe that uses organic carbon from others but energy from sunlight

Please help me with my microbiology assignment.

orchidherring991

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. âsticky appendagesâ thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

BIO 202 Chapter Notes - Chapter 18: Trp Operon, Lac Operon, Adenylyl Cyclase

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