BIO 123 Chapter Notes - Chapter 48: Peripheral Nervous System, Atp Hydrolysis, Membrane Potential

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cyanherring316

16 Mar 2019

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Chapter 48 reading notes: neurons, synapses, and signaling. Communication by neurons largely consists of long-distance electrical signals and short-distance chemical signals. Brain: organ of the central nervous system where information is processed and integrated. Ganglia: a cluster of nerve cell bodies. Concept 48. 1: neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer. Neuron: a cell type exemplifying the close fit of form and function that often arises over the course of evolution. Most organelles are located in the cell body. Cell body : the part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other. Axon : an extension that transmits signals to other cells, much longer than dendrites; carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells. Synapse : the junction where a neuron communicates with another cell across a. Neurotransmitters : chemical messengers that pass information from the narrow gap via a neurotransmitter or an electrical coupling transmitting neuron to the receiving cell.

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Of the 4 basic tissue types found in the body, the tissue typethat is composed of _________ cells, also known as neurons, is thetype that is specialized to generate and propagate electrochemicalmessages that enable communication between cells in very distantlocations.

The part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus along withthe bulk of the cell's cytoplasm and other cellular organelles iscalled the soma or ____________. The bulk of the cell signalscoming to the nerve cell are received in this region.

______________ are cellular projections that serve to increasethe receptive surface area of the nerve cell; that is, incomingsignals are also received in these areas and then immediatelytransferred to the cell body. When these structures projectdirectly from the cell body, they are '_____' anatomic dendrites.When they are located at some distance from the cell body but bringinformation directly to the soma - they are '___________'dendrites. Neurons often have multiple dendrites.

While neurons often contain multiple dendrites to bringinformation into the cells, each has a single _________ responsiblefor transmitting information from the cell body to the intendedrecipient of the neuron's message.

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Nerve cells that conduct messages are called (1) ____. (2) _____ cells, which support and nurture the activities of neurons, make up less than half the volume of the nervous system. (3) _______ neurons respond to specific kinds of environmental stimuli, (4) ______ connect different neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and (5) ______ neurons are linked with muscles or glands. All neurons have a (6) _______ ________ that contains the nucleus and the metabolic means to carry out protein synthesis. (7) _______ are short, slender extensions of the (6), and together these two neuronal parts are the neuronsâ âinput zoneâ for receiving (8) _____. The (9) _____ is a single long, cylindrical extension away form the (10) ______; in motor neurons, the (11) ______ has finely branched (12) ________ that terminate on muscle or gland cells and are âoutput zones,â where messages are sent on to other cells. A neuron at rest establishes unequal electric charges across its plasma membrane, and a(n) (13) ____ ____ is maintained. Another name for (13) is the (14) _____ _____ _____; it represents an ability for the membrane to be disturbed. Weak disturbances of the neuronal membrane might set off only slight changes across a small patch, but strong disturbances can cause a(n) (15) _______ ______, which is an abrupt, short-lived reversal in the polarity of charge across the plasma membrane of the neuron. For a fraction of a second, the cytoplasmic side of a bit of membrane becomes positive with respect to the outside. The (16) ______ that travels along the neural membrane is nothing more than short-lived changes in the membrane potential. A. Neurons H. Sensory B. Motor I. Endings C. Interneurons J. Disturbance D. Cell body K. Signals (stimuli) E. Axon L. Voltage differential F. Dendrites M. Resting membrane potential G. Neuroglial N. Action potential

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The junction specialized for the transmission between a neuron and another cell is called a (1) _____ ______. Usually, the signal being sent to the receiving cell is carried by chemical messengers called (2) _____. (3) _____ is an example of this type of chemical messenger, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft, combines with protein receptor molecules on the muscle cell membrane, and soon thereafter is rapidly broken down by enzymes. At an (4) ____ synapse, the membrane potential is driven toward the threshold value and increases the likelihood that depolarization and an action potential will occur. At an (5) ____ synapse, the membrane potential is driven away form the threshold value, and the receiving neuron becomes hyperpolarized and is less likely to achieve an action potential. A specific transmitter substance can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on which type of protein channel it opens up in the (6) ____ membrane. (7) ____ are neuromodulators that inhibit perceptions of pain and may have roles in memory and learning, emotional states, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior. (8) ____ ________ at the cellular level is the moment-by-moment tallying of all excitatory and inhibitory signals acting on a neuron. Incoming information is (9) ____ by the cell bodies, and the charge differences across the membranes are either enhanced or inhibited. Some narrow-diameter neurons are wrapped in lipid-rich (10) _______ produced by specialized neuroglial called Schwann cells; each of these is separated from the next by a(n) (11) ________ ________ - a small gap where the axon is exposed to extracellular fluid. A (12) ____ is an involuntary sequence of events elicited by a stimulus. During a (13) _______ ________, a muscle contracts involuntary whenever conditions cause a stretch in length; many of these help you maintain an upright posture despite small shifts in balance. Imbalances can occur at chemical synapses; a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani blocks the release of GABA and glycine, thus freeing the motor neurons from (14) _____ control, which may cause tetanus â a prolonged, spastic paralysis that can lead to death. A. Excitatory H. Stretch reflex B. Inhibitory I. Summed C. Myelin J. Neurotransmitters D. Chemical synapse K. Postsynaptic E. Synaptic integration L. Endorphins F. Exposed node M. Acetylcholine (ACh)

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BIO 123 Chapter Notes - Chapter 48: Peripheral Nervous System, Atp Hydrolysis, Membrane Potential

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