PY 105 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Jeffrey Alan Gray, Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck
Humanistic Perspective - healthy personality development
• Humans are inherently good
• Actualizing tendency: innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
• Self actualization: realizing his or her human potential
• Carl Rogers
o Self concept: made up of child's conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about himself
o People choose behavior consistent with self concepts
• If they encounter experiences that contradict self-concepts, they feel incongruence
Behaviorist Perspective - result of learned behavior patterns
• Deterministic: people begin as blank slates
• Punishment and reward determine behavior
• Classical and operant conditioning
Social Cognitive Perspective - formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive and
environmental factors
• Observational (vicarious) learning
Trait Perspectives
• Personality trait - predisposition toward certain behaviors
o Surface traits
• Person's behavior
o Source traits
• Underlying factors
• Raymond Cattell - factor analysis on 100s of surface traits
o Identified 16 surface traits
o Reduced to 5 global factors: extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation and self
control
Biological Perspective
• Hans Eysenck - person's level of extroversion based on individual differences in reticular formation
o Introverts arouse easily
o Extroverts arouse less easily
o Neuroticism based on limbic system differences
• Jeffrey Alan Gray - personality is governed by interactions among 3 brain system
Motivation
Factors that Influence Motivation
Instincts
• Behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns
• Imprinting in chicks
Drives/Negative Feedback Systems
• A drive is an urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst or sleepiness
o Alert an organism that no longer in homeostasis
o Suggests something is lacking
o Work through negative feedback systems
• Negative feedback systems - maintaining stability of homeostasis
o Blood pressure
o Blood glucose levels
o Body temperature
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Document Summary
Humanistic perspective - healthy personality development: humans are inherently good, actualizing tendency: innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism, carl rogers. Self actualization: realizing his or her human potential: self concept: made up of child"s conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about himself, people choose behavior consistent with self concepts. If they encounter experiences that contradict self-concepts, they feel incongruence. Behaviorist perspective - result of learned behavior patterns: deterministic: people begin as blank slates, punishment and reward determine behavior, classical and operant conditioning. Social cognitive perspective - formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive and environmental factors: observational (vicarious) learning. Trait perspectives: personality trait - predisposition toward certain behaviors, surface traits, person"s behavior, source traits, underlying factors, raymond cattell - factor analysis on 100s of surface traits. Identified 16 surface traits: reduced to 5 global factors: extroversion, anxiety, receptivity, accommodation and self control. Biological perspective: hans eysenck - person"s level of extroversion based on individual differences in reticular formation.
