PY 105 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Central Nervous System, Reticular Formation, Peripheral Nervous System

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19 May 2018
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Large Scale Functional Organization
Peripheral nervous system can be subdivided into several functional divisions
o Somatic - concerned with conscious sensation and deliberate, voluntary movement of
skeletal muscle
o Autonomic - concerned with digestion, metabolism, circulation, perspiration and other
involuntary processes
Includes both afferent and efferent functions
Efferent is split into 2 subdivisions
o Sympathetic - "fight or flight"
o Parasympathetic - "rest and digest"
Anatomical Organization of Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - all other axons, dendrites and cell bodies
Greatest majority of neuronal cell bodies are found within CNS, bunched together called nuclei
Somas located outside CNS known as ganglia
Central Nervous System Anatomical Organization
Includes spinal cord and brain
The brain has three subdivisions:
o Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
o Midbrain (mesencephalon)
o Forebrain (prosencephalon)
The entire CNS floats in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear liquid that serves various functions such
as shock absorption and exchange of nutrients and waste within the CNS
o Spinal cord is connected to the brain and protected by CSF
It is a pathway for information to and from the brain
Spinal cord is the site for information integration and processing
Responsible for simple spinal reflexes
Primitive processes such as walking, urination and sex organ function
o Hindbrain includes medulla, pons and cerebellum
Medulla - located below pons and connects to spinal cord. Relays information
between other areas of the brain and regulates vital autonomic functions like blood
pressure
Pons - below midbrain and above medulla. Connection point between brain stem and
cerebellum. Plays a role in balance and antigravity posture
Cerebellum - behind pons and below cerebral hemisphere. Integrating center where
complex movements are coordinated. Damage results in poor hand-eye coordination
and balance
o Midbrain is a relay for visual and auditory information and contains the reticular activating
system (RAS) - arousal or wakefulness
o Brainstem - made up of medulla, pons and midbrain
Contains processing centers and relays information to or from cerebellum and
cerebrum
o Forebrain - includes diencephalon and telencephalon
Diencephalon includes thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus - middle of the brain; contains relay and processing centers for
sensory information
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