CHEM 135 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2.1-2.4: Observational Error, Physical Property, Exothermic Process

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Every digit is certain except the last in scientific measurement. Last digit is estimated within + or 1. With scientific glassware you must divide the space between the finest markings into ten and then estimate the last digit reported. Scales will have different levels of precision. Accuracy- how close the measured value is to the actual value. Precision- how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are. Measurements can be precise but not accurate. Random error- error with equal probability of being too high or too low. Systematic error- error that tends toward being too high or too low. Extensive property- dependent on the amount of the substance present. Law of conservation of mass- matter is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes form. Systems with high potential energy tend to move in a way that lowers their potential energy. High potential energy systems/objects tend to be unstable.