BIO SCI 93 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Anaerobic Respiration, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Atp Synthase

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Organic fuels: cells break down glucose and other organic fuels to yield chemical energy in the form of atp. A process that results in the partial degradation of glucose without the use of oxygen. Oxygen is used as a reagent: the cell taps the energy stored in food molecules through redox reactions. One substance partially or totally shifts electrons to another. Describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce atp: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation. Define glycolysis: the energy is used to make atp, aerobic respiration occurs in 3 stages: Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle. Most of the atp produced in cellular respiration comes from oxidative phosphorylation, in which the energy released from redox reactions in an etc is used to produce atp. In substrate level-phosphorylation, an enzyme directly transfers a phosphate group to adp from an intermediate substrate.

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Oxidation reduction reactions are coupled and referred to as redox reactions. Electrons are the atomic particles that participate in chemical bonds and are used by cells to generate an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Cells have require ATP to maintain membrane properties and metabolism, because ATP has high energy phosphate bonds that may be cleaved to release energy. Cells synthesize ATP through phosphorylation. Cells must perform many chemical reactions within a certain temperature, pH and osmolarity range. In general chemical reactions in a cell would occur over time without enzymes, and it might require big changes in temperature. Enzymes are organic catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being altered in the process. Review protein structure and function in chapter 2 to understand how enzymes work. Enzymes also may act as 'switches' and be the rate controlling steps in a biochemcial pathway. There are several ways enzyme activity is altered by other factors or physical conditions.

1. The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to digest fibrin in patients with atherosclerosis. Why doesn't the injection of streptokinase cause a streptococcal infection?

2. How do we know that streptokinase will break down fibrin and not functional tissue?

3. 5 bromouracil is used as an anti cancer drug it is mistaken for thymine by cellular enzymes during DNA replication, name the enzyme site the nucleoside analog is probably binding.

Most of a cell's energy is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates. Glucose is the most common oxidized carbohydrate. There are two types of glucose catabolism respiration and fermentation.

4. Is glucose completely broken down in respiration or fermentation?

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What is the main product of cellular respiration?

TRUE or FALSE: Glycolysis does not require oxygen.

During glycolysis, 2 molecules of ___ are required in âglucose primingâ or activation.

In what cells does ethanol fermentation occur?

In what cells does lactic acid fermentation occur?

TRUE or FALSE: The light-dependent reactions of the cyclic pathway produce ATP.

What wavelength of light has the most potential energy for photosynthesis?

Which is the only plant with the ability to overcome the inefficiencies of photorespiration?

Plants appear green because ________ .

The Krebs cycle occurs __ times in order to fully break down glucose.

The Krebs cycle takes place in the ____ of the cell.

TRUE or FALSE: Nucleic Acid can be broken down to create ATP.

The bulk of the ATP that our bodies need is harvested through which of the following: Anearobic processes or Aerobic processes?

TRUE or FALSE: The electron transport chain is aerobic.

How many ATP molecules do anaerobic pathways produce?

1.Aerobic cellular respiration: In the absence of oxygen â what processes stop? Why do they stop?

2. Do the reactions that are unique to fermentation itself (not the reactions of glycolysis that precede the fermentation-specific steps) provide the cell with additional useful high-energy molecules? Explain briefly. If you answered yes â how many high-energy molecules and what kind? If you answered no â then why does the cell do the fermentation step?

3. Do the cells in your body do fermentation? Explain.

4. When cells use fermentation instead of aerobic cellular respiration, is NAD+/NADH involved in this process? What happens to this molecule? Explain briefly.

5. Your body can harness energy from sources besides carbohydrates like glucose. Briefly explain how proteins and fats can be broken down and funneled into the reactions of cellular respiration.

BIO SCI 93 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Anaerobic Respiration, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Atp Synthase

BIO SCI 93 Full Course Notes

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