BIO SCI 97 Chapter Notes -Dihybrid Cross, Phenylalanine, Phenylketonuria
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30 Jan 2014
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Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate to the two alleles. More than one phenotype at the same time. If you have a and b, then you will have both of the alleles and not just one that is dominant over the other. A and b are codominant of each other. The phenotype of both alleles is fully expressed in heterozygotes. Penetrance: the probability that a mutation will manifest its phenotype. Waardenburg syndrome dominant trait variable expressivity. Multiple symptoms only some manifest in each individual. Epistasis - two different gene loci that control the same trait. Epistasis occurs when there is phenotypic interaction of non-allelic genes: one gene can mask another. For epistatic genes, a dihybrid cross produces a modified 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes. Genotypic ratios do not change, just the phenotypes produced. Genes alone are not responsible for all the variation seen between organisms.
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These all relate to exceptions to the inheritance patterns encountered by Mendel.â
Why do multiple and lethal alleles often result in modifications of the classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios?
Select the four correct statements.
-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios. |
-In the case of codominance, heterozygotes produce gene products from both alleles of a gene. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by codominance. |
-In the case of incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygote is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of homozygous individuals. Classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios are modified by incomplete dominance. |
-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions and a diploid organism has two homologous gene loci that may be occupied by different alleles of the same gene. This can result in many different phenotypes for traits, which may not follow typical Mendelian ratios. |
-When an essential gene is mutated, it can result in a lethal phenotype. This results in a modification of classic Mendelian ratios. |
-The phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The joint expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called codominance. There are no classic Mendelian monohybrid and dihybrid ratios. |
-Genes exist in a large number of allelic versions, but in a diploid organism, only one allele of the gene can occupy one homologous gene loci. Classic Mendelian inheritance cannot explain this phenomenon. |
-Each gene produces a unique gene product. The effect of one allele in a heterozygote completely masks the effect of the other. Classic Mendelian genetics cannot explain this phenomenon. |