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CHEM 1A Chapter 2: Chapter 2 - measurement, problem solving, and mole concept

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CHEM 1A Full Course Notes

CHEM 1A Full Course Notes

Document Summary

2. 1 the metric mix-up: a million unit error: dd. America should just switch to the freakin metric system and all. 2. 2 the reliability of a measurement confusion would cease: reporting measurements to reflect certainty. More digits, more certainty; less digits, less certainty. Scientific measurements are reported so that every digit is certain except the last, which is estimated. The number of digits in a measurement depends on the measuring device: precision and accuracy. Scientists often repeat measurements several times to increase their confidence in the result. Accuracy refers to how close the measured value is to the actual value; precision is how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are. A series of measurements can be precise but not accurate. Measurements are precise if they are consistent with one another but they are only accurate if they are close to the actual value.

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Related Questions

Experimental outcomes in chemistry depend on making sound observations, taking precise measurements and accurately recording them directly in to the laboratory notebook. All experiments and therefore the results will contain errors (experimental error), which can adversely affect the reliability of the experiment and the credibility of the scientist. Experimental error is reduced when students master experimental techniques and become aware of which measurements have the most impact on the experiment in terms of accuracy and precision. Accuracy is determined by comparing the true or actual value to an individual experimental value or the average of many experimental values. If the true value is not given, the average of all the experimental values is assumed to be true value and accuracy is determined by comparing the average to the individual experimental values. Precision is a determined by comparing how close all the experimental values are to each other. The following data was collected by students in your laboratory section. Decide which value to you will use to complete the experimental calculations. The amount of error in your final experimental result depends on your decision. Each student used a different balance and weighed the beaker 4 times. The balances they used in the laboratory read to a hundredth of a gram. The results are shown below were recorded by each individual. What additional information about the students, instruments, and the conditions which the data was collected do you need to better of the evaluate the reliability of the experimental data? Give 1 and briefly (60 words or less, using complete sentences) explain your answer. Which set of data is the most precise? Show all equations and calculations. Briefly (60 words or less, using complete sentences) explain your answer. What student measurements are the least accurate? Briefly (60 words or less, using complete sentences) suggest how this student could improve their experimental techniques. Show all equation and calculations

Exp 25. pH Measurements-Buffers and Their Properties.

I need help in the calculations for part C finding the pKa in 1,2, and 3. Thanks!

Experiment 25 pH Measurements- Buffers and Their Properties ne of the is its concentration of hydrogen ion. The pecies, on they, the H,O ion) has a great effect on the solubility of many isorganic and ora tions. It is important H ion (or. more more important properties of an aqueous solution conplex metallic cations found in solutions, and on the rates of many chemical reac- of hydrogen ion and understand its effect on solution propertics that we know how to measure the concentration For convenience, the concentration of H" as molarity. The frequendly ex ãion is frequently expressed as the pH of the solution rather than pH of a solution is defined by the following equation: the equation, 4. If the [H to the base 10. If (H'l is 1 x 104 moles per liter, the pH of the solution is, by is 10-? M, the pH is 1.3. tion will always be obeyed: described in terms of pH. In aqueous solutions the following equilibrium rela- In distillecd water [H Soler t lequals IOH 1. so, by Equation 2, IH"] must be I X 10 M. Therefore,the pH of distilled will have a pH 7; if H 1 IOH1. the solution is basic and its pH >7. A solution with a pÅ of 10 will have or 1 Ã 10-4 M. We measure the pH of a solution experimentally in two ways. In the first of these we use a chemical an indicator, which is sensitive to pH. These substances have colors that change over a relatively short two pH units) and can, when properly chosen, be used to determine roughly the pH of a solu- called H range on. Two very common indicators are litmus, usually used on paper, and phenolphthalein, the most common indicator in acid-base titrations. Litmus changes from red to blue as the pH of a solution goes from about 6 to about 8. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to red as the pH goes from 8 to 10. A given indicator is useful for determining pH only in the region in which it changes color. Indicators are available for measure- ment of pH in all the important ranges of acidity and basicity. By matching the color of a suitable indicator in a solution of known pH with that in an unknown solution, one can determine the pH of the unknown to within about 0.3 pH units. The other method for finding pH is with a device called a pH meter. In this device two electrodes, one of which is sensitive to [H'], are immersed in a solution. The potential between the two electrodes is related to the pH. The pH meter is designed so that the scale will directly furnish the pH of the solution. A pH meter gives much more precise measurement of pH than does a typical indicator and is ordinarily used when an accurate determination of pH is needed Some acids and bases undergo substantial ionization in water, and are called strong because of their essentially complete ionization in reasonably dilute solutions. Other acids and bases, because of incomplete ionization (often far less than even 1% in 0.1 M solution), are called weak Hydrochloric acid, HCl, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are typical examples of a strong acid and a strong base. Acetic acid, HCH,0, and ammonia, NH, are classic examples of a weak acid and a weak base. A weak acid will ionize according to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium HB(aq)H'(a) B (aq) 3)

Exp 25. pH Measurements- Buffers and Their Properties

I need help with finding kPa in the calculations part C for 1,2, and 3 Thanks!

Experiment 25 pH Measurements- Buffers and Their Properties ne of the more important propertics of an aqucous solution is its concentration of hydrogen ion. The H ion (or, more precisely, the HO ion) has a great effect on the solubility of many inorganic and organic species, on the nature of complex mctallic cations found in solutions, and on the rales of many chemical reac- tions. It is important that we know how to measure the concentration of hydrogen ion and understand its effect on solution properties. For convenience, the concentration of H' ion is frequendly expressed as the pH of the solution rather than as molarity. The pH of a solution is defined by the following equation: pH =-log where the logarithm is taken to the base 10. If [H] is I x 10-*moles per liter, the pH of the solution is, by the equation, 4. If the [H'1 is 5 x 10 M, the pH is 1.3, Basic solutions can also be described in terms of pH. In aqucous solutions the following equilibrium rela- tion will always be obeyed: In distilled water url equals [ OHÂ·], s, by Equation 2, [HÂ·l must be l x 10" M. Therefore, the pH of distilled water is 7. Solutions in which [H.] > 10é¨are sad to be acidic and will have a pH 7. A solution with a pH of 10 will have a [H"] of 1 x 10 0 M and a (OH] of I x 10M We measure the pH of a solution experimentally in two ways. In the first of these we use a chemical called an indicator, which is sensitive to pH. These substances have colors that change over a relatively short pH range (about two pH units) and can, when properly chosen, be used to delermine roughly the pH of a solu tion. Two very common indicators are litmus, usually used on paper, and phenolphthalein, the most common indicator in acid-base titrations. Litmus changes from red to blue as the pH of a solution goes from about 6 to about 8. Phenolphthalein changes from colorless to red as the pH goes from 8 to 10. A given indicator is useful for determining pH only in the region in which it changes color. Indicators are available for measure- ment of pH in all the important ranges of acidity and basicity. By matching the color of a suitable indicator in a solution of known pH with that in an unknown solution, one can determine the pH of the unknown to within about 0.3 pH units. The other method for finding pH is with a device called a pH meter. In this device two electrodes, one of which is sensitive to [H']. are immersed in a solution. The potential between the two electrodes is related to the pH. The pH meter is designed so that the scale will directly furnish the pH of the solution. A pH meter gives much more precise measurement of pH than does a typical indicator and is ordinarily used when an accurate determination of pH is needed Some acids and bases undergo substantial ionization in water, and are called strong because of their essentially complete ionization in reasonably dilute solutions. Other acids and bases, because of incomplete ionization (often far less than even 1% in 0.1 M solution), are called weak. Hydrochloric acid, HC, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are typical examples of a strong acid and a strong base. Acetic acid, HC,H,0, and ammonia, NH, are classic examples of a weak acid and a weak base. A weak acid will ionize according to the Law of Chemical Equilibrium: HBlaq)--H'(aq) + B-(aq)