LING 20 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Inflection, Part Of Speech, Bound And Unbound Morphemes
(P. 154 ~ P. 175)
What is Morphology?
-Morphology
: the component of mental grammar that deals with types of words and how
words are formed out of smaller meaningful pieces and other words.
- It tries to describe which meaningful pieces of language can be combined to form words
and what the consequences of such combinations are on the meaning or the
grammatical function of the resulting word.
Derivation
- Lexical categories (parts of speech):
classes of words that differ in how other words can
be constructed out of them
- Verb:
-ing or -able
- Adjective:
-ness or -est
-Noun
: -s
-Adverb
: -ly
- Open Lexical Categories: Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
- Closed lexical Categories: pronouns, determiners, prepositions, and conjunction
- Derivation: the process of creating words out of other words (the result being some other
word, often of a different lexical category)
Inflection
- Inflection: the creation of different grammatical forms of words
- Inflectional affixes → those that changes the tense (-s, -ed, -ing, -en, -ed, -er, -est)
Some Notes about Morphemes
- Morpheme: the smallest linguistic unit with a meaning or a grammatical function
- Homophonous: affixes that sound alike but have different meanings or functions
Classifying Elements in Morphology
- Free Morphemes: morphemes that can be used as words themselves
- Bound Morphemes: morphemes that cannot stand alone
- Bound roots: although they do seem to have some associated basic meaning, they are
unable to stand alone as words in their own right
- Content morphemes: have more concrete meaning than function morphemes
- Derivational affixes, bound roots, and free roots that belong to the lexical
categories of noun, verb, adjective, and adverb
- Function Morphemes: contain primarily grammatically relevant information
- Inflectional affixes and free roots that belong to lexical categories preposition,
determiners, pronouns, and conjunction
Derived and Inflected Words in the lexicon
- Systematic Relationships: between roots and words derived from them on the other
hand, and between a word and its various inflected (Grammatical) forms
The process of Forming words
Affixation
- “Doubtfully” is an infix because -ful occurred in the middle of the word
Affixation in Signed Languages
- REVERSAL-OF-ORIENTATION suffix
Document Summary
Morphology : the component of mental grammar that deals with types of words and how words are formed out of smaller meaningful pieces and other words. It tries to describe which meaningful pieces of language can be combined to form words and what the consequences of such combinations are on the meaning or the grammatical function of the resulting word. Lexical categories (parts of speech): classes of words that differ in how other words can be constructed out of them. Open lexical categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Closed lexical categories: pronouns, determiners, prepositions, and conjunction. Derivation: the process of creating words out of other words (the result being some other word, often of a different lexical category) Inflection: the creation of different grammatical forms of words. Inflectional affixes those that changes the tense (-s, -ed, -ing, -en, -ed, -er, -est) Morpheme: the smallest linguistic unit with a meaning or a grammatical function.
