LING 20 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Phrase Structure Rules, Phrase, Adverb
1. Rules and Trees
- Words in a sentence are grouped into units called constituents
- Constituency and Hierarchical structure captures the intuition that certain words are
more closely connected than others, and the intuitions about relationships between
words in the sentence.
- Constituents: A group of words that function together as a unit
- Phrase structure rules: rules that generate the tree, and governs how trees are
generated
- Different Constituents
- Noun Phrases (NP)
- NP → (D) (AdjP+) N (PP+)
- Adjective Phrases (AdjPs) and Adverb Phrases (AdvPs)
- AdjP → (AdvP) Adj
- AdvP → (AdvP) Adv
- *head: the head of a phrase is the word that gives the phrase its category
- Prepositional Phrases (PPs)
- PP → P (NP)
- Verb Phrases (VPs)
- VP → (AdvP+) V (NP) (NP) (AdvP+) (PP+) (AdvP+)
- Clauses: structure of the sentence
- TP → {NP/CP} (T) VP [TP stands for tense phrase]
- CP → (C) TP
- Coordination (Conjunction) and, or, but, nor
- X stands for N or V or A or P, etc
- XP → XP conj XP
- X → X conj X
2. How to Draw a Tree
- TP (Tense Phrase) is label for clause, which consists of a subject NP and a VP
- TP can be embedded in a larger TP
- Steps to build the tree
- Write out the sentence and identity the parts of speech
- Identify what modifies what. (Modification relations)
- Starting linking together items that modify one another. (Often helps to
start on the right edge)
- Make sure that we are applying the rules exactly as it is written
- Apply one rule at a time until you have attached all the modifiers to the
constituents
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Words in a sentence are grouped into units called constituents. Constituency and hierarchical structure captures the intuition that certain words are more closely connected than others, and the intuitions about relationships between words in the sentence. Constituents: a group of words that function together as a unit. Phrase structure rules: rules that generate the tree, and governs how trees are generated. Adjective phrases (adjps) and adverb phrases (advps) *head: the head of a phrase is the word that gives the phrase its category. Vp (advp+) v (np) (np) (advp+) (pp+) (advp+) Tp {np/cp} (t) vp [tp stands for tense phrase] X stands for n or v or a or p, etc. X x conj x: how to draw a tree. Tp (tense phrase) is label for clause, which consists of a subject np and a vp. Tp can be embedded in a larger tp. Write out the sentence and identity the parts of speech.
