MCB 3020 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Metabolite, Ribozyme, Homeostasis

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bluemouse986

20 May 2017

School

University of Florida

Department

Microbiology and Cell Science

Course

MCB 3020

Professor

Abdolkarim Asghari

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Document Summary

Products of chemicals reactions that organisms carry out. Forms that these products may go through. First molecule in the pathway is the substrate of the pathway. All molecules in the pathway can be thought of as intermediates. I. e: an intermediate of a pathway may be diverted from one pathway to another pathway. Just always needs the starting molecules/inputs of the pathways to be. Molecules flow into and out of the many pathways of the function available. Rate at which a metabolite is formed and then usd. Can be used as a measure of pathway activity. Metabolism must be regulated to maintain homeostasis and prevent waste. Influences pathway activity by localizing metabolites and enzymes into different parts of a cell. Differential distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures/organelles. Transcription and translation rates are altered to control the amount of enzyme present in the cell. Relatively slow response to changes in the cell"s state.

Related Questions

_____What is added to a molecule such as ADP when it is phosphorylated?

_____ An anaerobic process in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

_____ A biochemical process that breaks down food molecules to produce other molecules for cellular maintenance.

_____What is the final end product of Glycolysis?

_____ Refers to the potential energy provided by a large hydrogen-cation concentration gradient, and itâs movement across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.

_____ A molecule that transfers or shuttles electrons during redox reactions.

_____ An organism that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

_____ A type of enzyme that teams with NAD⁺ to remove hydrogen atoms with their electrons.

_____ The loss of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A process in which ATP is produced using the energy stored in concentration gradients.

_____ The products produced during a biochemical reaction that fall between the starting molecule and the end product.

_____ Biochemical process in which a glucose molecule is degraded to two pyruvates.

_____ Short for âreduction/oxidationâ reactions

_____How many pyruvate molecules are produced from a single Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

_____ The formation of ATP occurring when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP.

_____ Organisms that will die in the presence of oxygen.

_____ A term referring to the presence of oxygen.

_____ A series of electron-carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

_____ A biochemical process in which pyruvate is produced without the presence of oxygen.

20._____ The metabolic cycle that is fueled by Acetyl CoEnzyme A; occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chain.

_____What is the chemical formula for Cellular Respiration?

_____What environmental condition is necessary for Anaerobic Respiration to occur?

_____Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria?

_____Where does Glycolysis occur in a cell?

_____ An anaerobic process in which CO₂ is released as a byproduct and ethanol is produced as a product.

_____Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria?

_____ The gain of electrons from one molecule to another.

_____ A high-energy fuel molecule that begins the Citric Acid Cycle.

_____What condition is necessary of Aerobic Respiration to occur?

_____ A term referring to the absence of oxygen.

_____What compound is derived from B vitamins, and helps the Acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA into the Krebs Cycle?

_____What is the name of the molecule that channels protons, providing the energy necessary to phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP^âs that can be synthesized from 3 NADH molecules.

_____In the blank, write the number of ATP^âs that can be synthesized from a single FADH₂ molecule.

_____What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

_____What molecule is regenerated during the process of the Krebs Cycle?

_____What enzyme is used to catalyzed the reaction that occurs during the formation of Acetyl CoA?

_____How many pyruvates are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____How many Acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a single glucose molecule?

_____What is the reduced form of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide?

_____What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

42._____ A membrane protein that is used in conjunction with chemiosmosis to produced ATP.

I know that this alot of questions, but it's kinda a last ditch effort. these are the last 42 definitions i have left to answer out of 500 question for my final exam study guide. so whatever help i can get is fine. No explanations needed just what each definition is explaining and thanks in advance ladies and gentlemen.

scarletlocust623

1. C6H12O6 + 6O2 Ã 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose is being _____ to _____ and oxygen is being _____ to _____. a. oxidized; carbon dioxide; reduced; water b. oxidized; water; reduced; carbon dioxide Incorrect c. reduced; water; oxidized; carbon dioxide d. reduced; carbon dioxide; oxidized; water

2. Which of the following stages in the breakdown of the piece of toast you had for breakfast generates the most ATP? a. the citric acid cycle Incorrect b. glycolysis c. the digestion of starch to glucose d. oxidative phosphorylation

3. Which of the following is a catabolic pathway? a. gluconeogenesis b. production of starch Incorrect c. glycolysis d. production of glycogen

4. Per molecule, the oxidation of a fatty acid results in _____ energy storage than the oxidation of glucose. a. the same b. less Incorrect c. more d. None of the above; fatty acids cannot be oxidized.

5. Of the eight reactions in the citric acid cycle, how many are oxidation-reduction reactions? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

6. The process of glycolysis transfers the energy in sugar molecules into the stored energy of activated carriers such as ATP and NADH. Which statement is true about glycolysis? a. Only eukaryotic organisms do glycolysis. b. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in all eukaryotic cells, but are different in prokaryotic cells due to their diverse metabolic strategies. Incorrect c. The ten reactions of glycolysis are identical in almost all living organisms on the planet. d. There are many ways to oxidize glucose and transfer energy into activated carriers; the diversity of organisms on the planet is reflected in the diversity of their mechanisms of glycolysis.

7. Referring to the sentence completed in #13 above, the purpose of the latter reaction (in active muscle cells) is to _____. a. accumulate lactic acid in the cell, which provides additional energy for the production of ATP Incorrect b. slow down glycolysis until oxygen becomes available again c. accelerate the Krebs cycle, which will restore the oxygen supply d. regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen

8. What are the products of the citric acid cycle? a. carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 and GTP b. carbon dioxide, NAD+, FAD and GTP c. NADH, FADH2, and acetyl CoA Incorrect d. carbon dioxide and water

9. Which statement is true about enzymes? a. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions because they make inherently endergonic reactions exergonic. b. Each enzyme in a cell can catalyze many different chemical reactions involving chemically different substrates. Incorrect c. Enzymes can only catalyze reactions in one direction. d. After catalyzing a reaction, an enzyme is permanently altered and can no longer bind substrate. e. None of the above is true. 1

10. âG measures the change in free energy in a system as it converts reactant (Y) into product (X). When [X] = [Y], âG is equal to _____. a. RT b. ÎGÂ° + RT c. ÎGÂ° d. ln [X]/[Y]

11. The âGÂ° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. What conditions in the cell would lead to a âG for ATP hydrolysis of -11 kcal/mol? a. An increase in the ATP/ADP ratio b. An increase in anabolic activity in the cell c. Transport of ATP out of the compartment where the reaction is occurring Incorrect d. A decrease in the ATP/ADP ratio

12. In the first reaction of glycolysis, a phosphate transferred from ATP to a glucose molecule to produce glucose-6-phosphate and ADP. Under conditions existing in the cell, the free energy change for this reaction is -8.0 kcal/mole. Which of the following statements is true? Recall that the âGÂ° for the hydrolysis of ATP is -7.3 kcal/mol. a. Glucose concentrations in the cell are always low, making this reaction more favorable than would be expected. b. This reaction is less favorable than would be expected, given the âGÂ° of ATP hydrolysis. c. Glucose-6-P concentrations in the cell are very low relative to glucose concentrations, making the reaction more favorable than would be expected. d. The âGÂ° for the addition of a phosphate to glucose must be -0.7 kcal/mole.

13. Protein E can bind to two different proteins, S and I. The binding reactions are described by the following equations and values: E + S --> ES Keq for ES = 10 E + I> EI Keq for EI = 2 Given the equilibrium constant values, which one of the following statements is true? a. When S is present in excess, no I molecules will bind to E. b. E binds I more tightly than S. c. The binding energy of the ES interaction is greater than that of the EI interaction. d. Changing an amino acid on the binding surface of I from a basic amino acid to an acidic one will probably make the free energy of association with E more negative.

Review question its 1-12 sorry for the xtra questions in the bottom

1:2D chromatography is so named because ____

A: there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimension

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used

E: the process separates the molecules in two direction, first along the X and then along the Y axis

2: :Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ATP synthase

B: antenna complex

C: Chrolophyll B

D: carotenoids

E: chlorphyll A

3: When does A CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2?

A: daytime only

B: Summer day

C: winter day

D: nighttime only

E: anytime the calvin cycle is happening

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell ?
A; in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondial inner membrane

C: both thylakid and inner mitochondria membrane

D: only in the nucleus

E: embedded in the plasma membrane

5: chloroplast kept in the daek can continue to make sugar is provided with

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP

B: CO2, and ATP

C: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP

E: water and ATP

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.

D; : Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light?

A; The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them

B; The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra

violet and infrared)

C; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

E: : Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9: In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable?

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae

B: grana

C: granastomata?

D: stroma

11: n order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A: CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low

D: RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2

E: ?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

12: Why isn't oxygen produced by organisms that perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A; their membranes lack ATP synthase?

B; They use a different enzyme for the initial reactions of the calvin cycle

C: they use electrons donors other than water

D: their photosystem do not utilize the calvin cycle

E: their chorophyll contains an iron rather than magnesium

A: ?there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography

B: two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography process?

C: the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimensions?

D: two different types of radioactive markers must be used?

E: the process separates the molecules in two directions, first along the x axis and then along the y axis?

2:Which molecule(s) regulate(s) photosynthesis by sensing the metabolic status of the chloroplast and regulating proton flow out of the thylakoid lumen??

A: ?ATP synthase

B: the antenna complex?

C: chlorophyll b?

D: carotenoids?

E: chlorophyll a

3: When does a CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2??

A: ?daytime only

B: summer only?

C: ?winter only

D: nighttime only?

?e: anytime the Calvin cycle is occurring

4: Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell??

A: ?in the thylakoid membrane only

B: in the mitochondrial inner membrane only?

C: both the thylakoid and inner mitochondrial membranes?

D: only in the nucleus?

E: ?embedded in the plasma membrane

5: Chloroplasts kept in the dark can continue to make sugar if provided with ____.

A: NADPH, CO2, and ADP?

B: CO2 and ATP?

?c: NADPH, ATP, and CO2

D: NADPH and ATP?

E: water and ATP

6: Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A: thylakoid lumen?

B: cytosol?

C: stroma?

D: stromal lamellae

?e: thylakoid membrane

7: C3 plants are more susceptible to photorespiration than either C4 or CAM plants. Why do most plants lack the C4 pathway??

A: Switching between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis is very difficult for most plants.?

B: ?Rubisco is more efficient in C3 plants when compared to rubisco of C4 and CAM plants.

C: Most plant species do not have vacuoles in their cells to store the malate generated from CO2 taken in during the night.?

D: Photorespiration is not a serious problem for most plants.?

E: There is an energetic cost to C4 and CAM pathways that only makes them advantageous in very hot and/or arid environments.?

8: In Engelmann's classic experiment, why were the oxygen-requiring bacteria clustered around the regions of Spirogyra algae that were bathed in red, blue, and violet light??

A:The bacteria were immobile and that is where Engelmann happened to place them.?

B: The most energy-rich wavelengths of light are found at the edges of visible and nonvisible light (ultra violet and infrared).?

?c: Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is consumed by the algae in those regions.

D; Photosynthesis is most active in those wavelengths of light and thus more oxygen is produced by the algae in those regions.?

?e: Chlorophyll is green and thus reflects green light.

9; In any experiment, changes to the dependent variable based on the manipulations of the independent variable are measured. When determining the action spectrum of a given plant, what is the independent variable and what is the dependent variable??

A: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = wavelength?

B: ?independent = absorption of light; dependent = wavelength

C: independent = wavelength; dependent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis?

D: independent = wavelength; dependent = absorption of light?

E: independent = rate of O2 release in photosynthesis; dependent = absorption of light?

10: Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange??

A: stromal lamellae?

B: grana?

C: stomata?

?D: stroma

11: In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low??

A:	?CO2 serves as a non-competitive inhibitor of rubisco.

?B: RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle.

C: RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low.?

D:	RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2.?

e:	?RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

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MCB 3020 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10: Metabolite, Ribozyme, Homeostasis

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