BIO 122 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration, Pyruvic Acid, Glycolysis

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plumdinosaur511

27 Oct 2016

School

University of Hartford

Department

Biology - A&S

Course

BIO 122

Professor

Andrew Koob

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Document Summary

How to convert food energy (main component glucose) Formula: c6h12o6 +6 o2 6 co2 + 6 h2o + energy. Cells harvest energy by breaking bonds, shifting electrons from one molecule to another (redox reactions) Aerobic respiration - final electron acceptor is oxygen. Fermentation - final electron acceptor is organic molecule. Trace cellular respiration with sugar glucose: glycolysis -anaerobic process occurs in glycolysis. 2 atp molecules to work 4 atps, 2 pyruvates, 2 nadh. Fermentation phase - if lack of o2, frees up nadph. 4 atp(2 atp created) and 2 pyruvates: pyruvate oxidation. Into kreb cycle: citric acid cycle/ krebs cycle - aerobic process inside inner mitochondria membrane. Pyruvate molecules 2 atp per glucose + energy. Create: 2 atp, 3 nadh, 1 fadh: electron transfer phosphorylation - aerobic process. Nadh carry out electrons to inner mitochondrial membrane transfer electrons to series of membrane associated proteins.

Related Questions

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

	A.	Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts.
	B.	Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
	C.	Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.

Question 2

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?

	A.	They produce glucose
	B.	The energy is coupled to oxygen
	C.	They produce ATP

Question 3

During redox reactions

	A.	the loss of electrons from one molecule is called reduction
	B.	electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance
	C.	protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

Question 4

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.

	A.	gain of oxygen; loss of oxygen
	B.	loss of electrons; gain of electrons
	C.	gain of protons; loss of protons

Question 5

During cellular respiration, NADH

	A.	delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
	B.	is chemically converted into ATP
	C.	is the final electron acceptor

Question 6

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit

	A.	the citric acid cycle only.
	B.	glycolysis only
	C.	the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

	A.	glycolysis
	B.	the citric acid cycle
	C.	electron transport chain

Question 8

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis?

	A.	production of CO2
	B.	a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule
	C.	conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

1. Explain HOW ATP functions as asource of cellular energy for biochemical reactions and activetransport. Detailed answer required.

2. What is the function of NAD+ andFAD in glycolysis, CAC, and ETC for ATP synthesis? Of the C, H, andO atoms of the glucose molecule, which is/are most important forATP synthesis. Explain

3. Define substrate levelphosphorylation (SLP). Why are HETCs important for ATP synthesis?What is the amount of kinetic energy required to produce onemolecule of ATP by SLP?

4. In glycolysis, why must multipleenzymatic steps occur to convert glucose to two pyruvic acidmolecules? What are high energy transfer compounds? Explain indetail why two molecules of ATP must be consumed in stage 1 ofglycolysis. What is the purpose of the atomic rearrangements inglycolysis? In stage 1 of glycolysis, what is the significance ofthe rearrangement of glucose-6-phosphate tofructose-6-phosphate?

5. What is the importance of the citric acidcycle? Why must CoA be used in this pathway?

6. Define cellular respiration(CR). What are the significant features of cellularrespiration?

Is oxygen the only terminal electron acceptor (TEA) for CR inprokaryotic cells? Explain

7. Explain the functions of theETC. What role does H+ translocation and the TEA play in

the function of the ETC? Why is the proton motive forceessential for oxidative

phosphorylation?

8. Define the proton motive force(PMF). Explain HOW the PMF provides energy for

rotary catalysis of the ATP synthase used for oxidativephosphorylation.

pinkmole355

1. Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?

a. H2O

b. CO2

c. O2

d. both O2 and CO2

e. both H2O and CO2

2. Organisms that derive their chemical energy either from the process of chemosynthesis or photosynthesis are classified as

a. autotrophs.

b. parasites.

c. heterotrophs.

d. saprophytes.

e. mutualists.

3. The carbon source for organisms that derive their energy from photosynthesis is

a. carbon monoxide.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. hydrocarbons.

d. methane.

e. glucose.

4. The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from

a. carbon dioxide.

b. glucose.

c. ribulose bisphosphate.

d. water.

5. When chlorophyll a molecules absorb energy, the molecules

a. release electrons.

b. release X-rays.

c. release energy.

d. release electrons and X-rays.

e. release electrons and energy.

6. The flow of what particle across the thylakoid membrane powers the production of ATP?

a. electrons

b. hydrogen ions

c. oxygen

d. carbon dioxide

e. phosphate ions 2

7. The light-independent reactions were discovered by

a. M. D. Hatch.

b. Andrew Benson.

c. Melvin Calvin.

d. Robert Hill.

e. both Andrew Benson and Melvin Calvin.

8. For each six atoms of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reactions, how many molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) are produced?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 6

d. 12

e. 15

Chapter 7

9. The ultimate source of energy for living things is

a. the Krebs cycle.

b. fossil fuels.

c. the sun.

d. glycolysis.

e. aerobic respiration.

10. When molecules are broken apart in respiration

a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.

b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.

c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

d. ATP is converted into ADP.

e. ADP is released as a waste product.

11. ATP

a. can be produced by photosynthesis.

b. is produced in the degradation of organic compounds such as glucose.

c. is generated in anaerobic respiration.

d. is released in aerobic respiration.

e. all of these

12. Which part of the energy-releasing pathway can convert all carbon that enters to carbon dioxide?

a. fermentation

b. glycolysis

c. Krebs cycle

d. electron transport

e. phosphorylation

13. Which liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?

a. aerobic respiration

b. anaerobic respiration

c. alcoholic fermentation

d. lactate fermentation

e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.

14. Aerobes use ________ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation.

a. hydrogen

b. carbon

c. oxygen

d. H2O 3

15. Glycolysis depends on a continuous supply of

a. NADP.

b. pyruvate.

c. NAD+.

d. NADH.

e. H2O.

16. Glycolysis

a. occurs in the mitochondria.

b. results in the production of pyruvate.

c. occurs in the cytoplasm.

d. occurs in the mitochondria and results in the production of pyruvate.

e. results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.

17. The end product(s) of glycolysis is(are)

a. acetyl CoA.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. pyruvate.

d. glucose.

e. glucose and carbon dioxide.

18. Which is capable of being reduced during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

a. NAD+

b. FAD+

c. ADP

d. NADH

e. NADP+

19. The Krebs cycle takes place in the

a. ribosomes.

b. cytoplasm.

c. nucleus.

d. mitochondria.

e. chloroplasts.

20. The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of

a. energy.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. oxygen.

d. energy and oxygen.

e. energy and carbon dioxide.

ochremole959

BIO 122 Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration, Pyruvic Acid, Glycolysis

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