NURS 163 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Cytoskeleton, Astrocyte, Macrophage

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31 May 2018
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Study guide 8: Nerve Tissue Answers
1. Body systems providing regulation of all other body systems’ homeostasis and
mechanism of action:
1) Nervous system: rapid, short lived, electrical AP
2) Endocrine system: slow, long lived, travel through blood via hormones,
sustains homeostasis
2. Nervous system functions:
A. Sensory:
a. Excited by stimulus of int/ext environmental changes
b. Generates electrical input integration via afferent pathway
B. Integrative:
a. CNS
b. Analyzes sensory input, make decision for response
C. Motor:
a. Transmits output to effectors via efferent pathway
b. Effectors: muscles/glands will contract/secrete
3-4&6. Major nervous system divisions:
1) Central (CNS): brain, spinal cord; control center
2) Peripheral (PNS): nerves extending from CNS; communication lines
5. Cranial vs. spinal nerves:
A. Spinal nerves: carry impulses to/from spinal cord
B. Cranial nerves: carry impulses to/from brain
7-8. Sensory (afferent) nerves: (input CNS)
1) Somatic sensory fibers: convey impulses of skin, skeletal muscle, joints
2) Visceral sensory fibers: convey impulses of visceral organs
9-11. Motor (efferent) nerves: (output effectors)
1) Somatic nervous system: motor nerves transmit impulses from CNS
skeletal muscles (voluntary)
2) Autonomic nervous system (ANS): motor nerves regulate smooth/cardiac
muscles/glands (involuntary)
a. Sympathetic
b. Parasympathetic
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12. Cell types of nervous tissue:
1) Neuroglia: more numerous
a. Support neurons
2) Neurons
a. Conduct impulses
13&15-18. Structure/function of CNS neuroglia:
1) Astrocytes:
a. Delicate, branching, most numerous, versatile, largest
b. Support/anchor neurons to capillary nutrient/blood supply
c. Form blood-brain barrier, determine capillary permeability
d. Maintain chemical environment
e. Can release neurotransmitters= influence neuron function
f. Connected by gap junctions= Ca signaling
2) Microglial:
a. Small, long/thin processes
b. Monitor neuron health
c. Can convert to macrophages if needed
3) Ependymal:
a. Squamous/columnar shape, ciliated
b. Line dorsal cavity, circulate CSF
4) Oligodendrocytes:
a. Processes wrap around nerve fibers= myelin sheath
14-15. Structure/function of PNS neuroglia:
1) Satellite cells:
a. Surround PNS neuron bodies
b. About same function as astrocytes
2) Schwann cells:
a. Surround PNS nerve fibers = myelin sheath
b. About the same as Oligodendrocytes
19. Unique neuron characteristics:
1) Extreme longevity
2) Amitotic
3) High metabolic rate: (requires lots of O2 and glucose)
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20-21&25&27. Three parts of neuron:
1) Axon: one per neuron
a. Axon hillock: base of axon
b. Axon collaterals: branches off axon
c. Axon terminals: branches @ end of hillock
i. Contains synaptic vesicles
d. Conducting region: starts @ hillock
2) Dendrite: short, tapering branches off of cell body
a. Receptive input region
3) Cell body: organelles in cytoplasm
a. Spherical nucleus
b. Clustered, free-floating ribosomes
c. Rough ER: aka chromatophilic substance
d. Mitochondria
e. Golgi apparatus
22. Neurofibrils: intermediate filaments maintain cell body’s shape/integrity
23. Nissl bodies: (aka chromatophilic substance; aka rough ER):
A. Most developed organelle
B. Most active organelle
C. Stains darkly
D. Protein and membrane making
24&27. Axon transport:
1) Anterograde: away from cell body (cell body axon)
a. Mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, PM elements, enzymes
b. =Renew axon’s PM, synthesize neurotransmitters
2) Retrograde: towards cell body (axon cell body)
a. Organelles for degradation/recycling
b. Signal molecules to tell cell body about axon’s conditions
28. Myelin:
A. Whitish, fatty, segmented
B. Protects, insulates axon
C. Increases transmission speed
a. Does not allow molecules leakage across PM in areas of
myelination
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Document Summary

Major nervous system divisions: central (cns): brain, spinal cord; control center, peripheral (pns): nerves extending from cns; communication lines, cranial vs. spinal nerves, spinal nerves: carry impulses to/from spinal cord, cranial nerves: carry impulses to/from brain. Sensory (afferent) nerves: (input cns: somatic sensory fibers: convey impulses of skin, skeletal muscle, joints, visceral sensory fibers: convey impulses of visceral organs. Structural neuron classification: multipolar, 3+ processes: 1 axon, 2+ dendrites, major type in cns, most common, bipolar, 2 processes: 1 axon, 1 dendrite (on opposite sides of body, rare! Increased flow na+ into cell: cell becomes less neg, more pos, maximum: +60 mv. Hyperpolarization: increase in membrane potential (greater than rmp) Increased flow k+ out of cell: cell becomes more neg, maximum: -90 mv. Synaptic vesicles" function: contain neurotransmitters in axonal endings, releases neurotransmitters when activated by ca2+ (cid:863)(cid:864). Neurotransmitters" function: held within synaptic vesicles, released into synaptic cleft to bind to receptors, =open ligand gated channels.

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