NURS 163 Chapter Notes - Chapter 12: Sound, Internal Capsule, Spiral Ganglion

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31 May 2018
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Special senses study guide 12 answers
1-2. Function of three distinct cell types of olfactory epithelium:
1) Receptor cells (sensory neurons):
a. Bipolar structure
b. Dendrite w/ cilia lying flat on mucus covered epithelium
c. Axon synapses w/ olfactory bulbs
d. Lifespan of 30-60 days
2) Supporting cells:
a. Surround/cushion receptor cells
b. Contain yellow/brown pigment
3) Stem (basal) cells:
a. At base of olfactory epithelium
b. Differentiate to replace old receptor cells
3&5. Site of olfactory transduction:
1) Odorant binds reeptor protei of sesory euro dedrite’s ilia
2) =Activates G protein
3) =G protein activates adenylate cyclase
4) =Adenylate cyclase converts ATP cAMP
5) =cAMP opens cation channel
6) =Na+ & Ca2+ influx
7) =Depolarization
4. Are olfactory receptors rapid OR slow adapting? Rapid adapting!
6. Pathway of olfactory impulse from nasal cavity olfactory cortex:
1) Axons of sensory neurons form olfactory nerves
2) (Through cribriform plate), synapse in olfactory bulbs
3) Synapse w/mitral cells (2nd order) in glomerulus
a. Each glomerulus represents specific odor
4) Mitral cells: refine/amplify/relay signal
5) Signal via olfactory tract
a. Piriform lobe of olfactory cortex (temporal) & frontal lobe
=Smell interpreted/identified
b. Hypothalamus & amygdaloid body (limbic system):
=Emotional responses to odor elicited
7-8. Four types of papillae on the tongue:
1) Fungiform: mushroom shaped, scattered on tongue surface (most taste buds)
2) Foliate: on side wall epithelium (taste buds)
3) Vallate: largest, round, least numerous; V on back of tongue (taste buds)
4) Filiform: small, pointed, contain tactile receptors (no taste buds)
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9. Function of three cell types of taste buds:
1) Supporting cells: provide outer envelope for the bud
2) Gustatory epithelial cells: receptor cells for taste
a. Gustatory hairs (microvilli) extend from tip through taste pore to surface,
bathed by saliva
3) Basal epithelial cells: stem cells replace gustatory epithelium
10. What part of the gustatory receptor cell is stimulus the stimulus transducer?
Gustatory hairs of receptor membranes
11. Five primary taste sensations:
1) Sweet: organic substance
2) Sour: acid
3) Salty: metal
4) Bitter: alkaloid
5) Umami: amino acids (glutamate & aspartate)
12. Primary tastes associated with
Ion flow across gustatory hair membrane transduction:
1) Sour: H+ allows opens channels for other cations to enter
2) Salty: Na+ influx
Utilize G-protein mediated mechanism:
1) Bitter
2) Sweet
3) Umami
. Priary tastes’ atiatio threshold rakigs:
1) Bitter: fastest substance detection
2) Others less sensitive: 3-5 second substance detection
14. Cranial nerves involved in gustation (taste):
1) CN VII: anterior 2/3 tongue
2) CN IX: posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx
3) CN X: taste buds of epiglottis, lower pharynx
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15. Gustation pathway from taste buds gustatory cortex:
1) 1st order: CN VII, IX, X
2) Synapse w/ 2nd order @solitary nucleus of medulla oblongata
3) Impulses via 2nd order
a. (Via medial lemniscus) thalamus
i. 2nd order synapse w/ 3rd order
ii. 3rd order gustatory cortex of R/L insula
iii. =Conscious taste perception
b. Hypothalamus/limbic system
c. =Appreciation of food, appetite satiety
16. Function of accessory eye structures:
1) Eyelids: eye blinks = secretions cleanse eyes, protection
2) Eyebrows: shade, prevent sweat eyes
3) Eyelashes: slight touch/sensation of eyelashes triggers blinking
4) Conjunctiva: creates lubricating mucus to prevent drying out of eyes
5) Lacrimal gland: releases lacrimal secretion (tears) to clean eyes/destroy bacteria
6) Nasolacrimal duct: receives tears that bathe the eye
7) Extrinsic eye muscles: control eyeball movements
17. Extrinsic eye muscles, innervation, and movements:
1) Superior rectus: turns eye up, CN III
2) Inferior rectus: turns eye down, CN III
3) Medial rectus: turns eye medially, CN VI
4) Lateral rectus: turns eye laterally, CN III
5) Superior oblique: rotates eye down, lateral, CN IV
a. Held to orbital wall by trochlea, attaches @ sup/lat eye
6) Inferior oblique: rotates eye up, lateral, CN III
a. Inserts @ inf/lat eye
18-20. Three layers of wall of eye: outermost innermost:
1) Fibrous layer:
a. Sclera: protects/shapes eyeball
b. Cornea: window for light to enter eye
c. Avascular CT
2) Vascular layer:
a. Choroid: nourishes all eye layers, brown pigment absorbs light
b. Ciliary body: controls lens shape
c. Iris: diaphragm to vary pupil size
3) Inner layer (sensory tunic):
a. Retina: absorbs light & contains many photoreceptors
21. Explain accommodation using: ciliary body, ciliary processes, suspensory ligaments,
& lens of eye
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