MICR 2340 Chapter Notes - Chapter 29.14: T Helper Cell, Immunodeficiency, Opportunistic Infection

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27 Nov 2016

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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus hiv. 80 million people worldwide have been infected with hiv with over 2 million deaths each year. Hiv is of two types hiv-1 and hiv-2 and 99% of global aids cases are due to hiv-1. Hiv-1 is a retrovirus that replicates in macrophages and t cells in the immune system. Hiv infection will eventually lead to the destruction of key immune system cells which cripples the host"s i(cid:373)(cid:373)u(cid:374)e response. Death from aids is a secondary infection caused by one or more opportunistic pathogens, potential pathogens that in a healthy individual would be controlled by the immune system. Cd4 t cell/total lymphocytes percentage of less than 14%. 2) a cd4 cell number of more than 200/ul and these diseases: candidiasis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, primary lymphoma of the brain, pulmonary tuberculosis or other mycobacterial infection to name a few. Hiv infects cells that have the cd4 surface tension.

Related Questions

Q.1 (a) Production of which of the following types of proteinsduring an innate immune response would directly lead to the lysisof a microbe?

- Membrane Attack Complex

- Perforin

- Immunoglobulin

- Interferon

Q 1. (b) Swelling due to bulk flow from the plasma into theinterstital fluid is the result of decreased protein permeabilityin the capillaries. (True or False?)

Q.1 (c) Both inflammation and fever result in an increase in thetemperature set point of the body. (True or False?)

Q.1 (d) Indicate which of the following statements describeClass I MHC molecules, describe Class II MHC molecules or decribeboth Class I MHC & Class II MHC molecules?

-This molecule is expressed on all nucleated cells.

- This molecule interacts with proteins expressed on the surfaceof Cytotoxic T cells.

- This molecule is expressed on the surface of Antigenpresenting cells.

- This molecule is important for activating helper T cells.

- This molecule is expressed on the surface of B cells

- This molecule binds to antigens that come from primarilyintracellular pathogens.

Q.1 (e) What type of B cell does not secrete many antibodiesduring a primary immune response, but is very important for asecondary immune response?

Q.1 (f)If an individual failed to develop any maturelymphocytes, they would have lessened innate responses to infectionand lessened adaptive responses to infection. (True or False?)

Q.1 (g) Which of the following statements about the late stagesof HIV infection/AIDS are true? Choose all of the correctanswers.

		A person in the late stages of AIDS is more susceptible toinfection with bacteria, fungi and viruses than a person in theasymptomatic stage of HIV infection.
		The number of CD4-expressing T cells in the blood is high duringthe late stages of HIV infection
		The number of Killer T cells in the blood can be high during thelate stages of HIV infection.
		Innate immune responses may be weakened during the late stagesof HIV infection because of the weakened adaptive responses duringthese stages.

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1
Which of the following is a component of the HIV virus ?
A
DNA
B
Capsid
C
Nucleus
D
CD4 receptor
Answered
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2
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2
What is the function of Reverse Transcriptase?
A
To insert the viral RNA into the host DNA.
B
To make an RNA copy of the viral RNA.
C
To make an RNA copy of the viral DNA.
D
To make a DNA copy of the viral RNA.
E
To insert the viral DNA into the host DNA.
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3
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3
Which of the following stages describes a HIV patient in who has a large number of severe opportunistic infections?
A
Primary HIV infection-lasts for a few weeks
B
Clinically asymptomatic stage-lasts for an average of ten years
C
Symptomatic HIV infection
D
Clinical AIDS
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4
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4
Which of the following individuals should be tested for HIV?
A
A newborn child
B
Alex, who studies excessively
C
Sarah, who takes birth control
D
Joe, who uses intravenous steroids
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5
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5
Harry engaged in risky activity that may have lead to exposure to HIV. Two and a half weeks later, he had an HIV test done and it showed a positive result. Which test most likely was done?
A
CD4 test
B
HIV antibody test
C
PCR test
D
Viral load test
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6
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6
How does an Integrase inhibitor work against the HIV virus?
A
It inhibits the generation of viral DNA from viral RNA.
B
It prevents the entry of HIV into the host cell.
C
It inhibits viral proteins from being inserted into new virus particles.
D
It prevents viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
E
It prevents the generation of new viral proteins.
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7
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7
How does a Protease inhibitor work to treat HIV infection?
A
It prevents the release of new viral particles.
B
It cleaves viral proteins interfering with their function.
C
It prevents the cleavage of host DNA preventing viral DNA from being inserted into host DNA.
D
It cleaves Reverse transcriptase preventing the generation of viral DNA.
E
It prevents the binding of gp120 to the CD4 protein.
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8
Which of the following describes a combination therapy for HIV infected persons?
A
A preparation used for stimulating a viral response in the body.
B
A single drug given to HIV infected people since interactions with other medications may promote complications in treatment.
C
A drug cocktail-or-combination of antiviral drugs given to HIV infected people since they can be more effective than when given individually
D
A preparation used for stimulating an immune response in the body.
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9
answerable question reference
For HIV to reproduce, which of the following is most critical?
A
Infecting new subjects
B
Producing a Provirus
C
Entering the host cells
D
Taking over the function of DNA in the cell
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10
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10
HIV is a virus which has the following characteristic?
A
It takes of the RNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus
B
It attacks the RNA of the host cell causing cellular death
C
It attacks the DNA of the host cell causing cellular death
D
It takes over the DNA of the host cell which subsequently by way of transcription and translation makes new virus

1.T cytoxic cells bear a receptor that is used to identify it distinctly from other immune cells. The receptor is know as cluster of differentiation CD-----------.

2. place the immunity concepts in order referencing basic immunity organization levels lines of Defense 1,2,3

A. HCL or Tears
B. Engulfing pathogens or Fever
C. Infected cell killing or immunoglobulin prosuction

3.Opsonizationot is best represented by this matching pair.

A. natural killer human cell with virus
B. Ts down regulate immune responses
C. B, cell Fc antibody class
D. neutrophils serrations marrescens
E. CD4+CXCR4 co-receptor binding and entry

4. what is the HIV protein that is involved in attachment of the virus to human immune cells?

5. identify the HIV antiviral drug that would stop the virus from exiting the helper Tcell.

isentres

retro vir

crixivan

mouse enzyme

selzentry

6. The maim type of immune cell infected by HIV are the -----------cells in the course of an infection.

7.All of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except

unbroken skin

mucous

hairs

tears

t cellso

8. B cells are activated by?

9. plasma cell best description?

function in cell mediated immunity

are derived from T lymphocytes

produce and secrete antibodies

responsible for making complement protein

10. when does the lectin pathway for the complement systems achieved it's goal

1. it begins with antibodies similar to the classical pathway

2. the goal happen during a lost of function

3. once C3 breaks a part the 3 goalso of the complement system begin

4. when complement protein B,D and P , are attracted to the pathogen

MICR 2340 Chapter Notes - Chapter 29.14: T Helper Cell, Immunodeficiency, Opportunistic Infection

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