BIOL 2004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 18: Ultraviolet, Growth Factor, Nitrous Acid

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5 Dec 2017

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We are surrounded in an environment by chemicals that increase the occurrence of mutations (mutagens) Benzopyrine is a potent mutagen that comes from cigarette smoke. Epa worries about water (many carcinogens can be formed in water) A mutation can occur in somatic tissue (every tissue other than reproductive tissue) Since it is not in reproductive tissue, it is not transmitted to progeny. Mutations in reproductive tissue is transmittable to progeny. In nonconserved sequences there is no affect from mutations. A change in a single nucleotide (point mutations) are the smallest type of mutation. A single base change (point mutations) occurs when one nucleotide is changed. It may not alter the phenotype or amino acid composition of the protein. Base substitution (missense mutation) substitutes a single codon but it results in a change in amino acids. Insertion is the addition of a new base into the dna sequence while a deletion is the removal of one.

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QuestionGroup: #21 Gene expression 2

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The direct end result of gene expression is which of the following?

Amino acids

Translation

Proteins

Carbohydrates

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QuestionGroup: #22 Mutation

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Which of the following is the ways in which nucleotide mutations lead to altered proteins?

One nucleotide is substituted by another nucleotide, which can cause an early stop codon to be incorporated into the amino acid sequence resulting in a truncated protein.

One nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide, which can change an amino acid in the protein sequence

Nucleotides are inserted into a nucleotide sequence causing a frameshift in the sequence.

All three choices may cause mutations.

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QuestionGroup: #23 Mutation 2

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Mutations are the result of which of the following?

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different carbohydrates

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different proteins

Change in the order of transfer RNA to messenger RNA so that the transfer RNA take over the role of Messenger RNA

Primarily an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in the abnormal proteins

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QuestionGroup: #24 Cell division

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There are two major kinds of cell division. Which of the following plays a major role in promoting genetic diversity?

Meiosis since it causes the cells to make more daughter cells than mitosis

Mitosis since it causes the cells to duplicate and eventually have mutations

Meiosis since it causes the DNA sequences to be separated into new patterns in the daughter cells.

Mitosis since it essential for the ovaries in humans to separate and duplicate

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QuestionGroup: #25 Cancer

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Genes that slow down or stop the cell cycle are called...

Apoptotic genes

Oncogenes

Restriction genes

Tumor suppressor genes

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QuestionGroup: #26 Cancer2

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The common theme in the development of all cancers is...

Mutation

Evolution

Infection

Syncopation

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QuestionGroup: #27 Genetics

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Punnett's square is which of the following?

Example of all possible combinations of alleles

Example of all possible combinations of chromosomes

Example of only certain combination of alleles since some will not be expressed.

Example of all possible combinations of DNA

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QuestionGroup: #28 Embryo development

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Which of the following is the end of the cleavage phase?

A fetus

Formation of a blastocyst

Implantation to the lining of the uterus

Fewer number of cells

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QuestionGroup: #29 Development of organ system

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For organs to be differentiated, which of the following is the first step?

Stem cells trigger the development of differentiated cells

Tissues assemble into organ systems such as blood

Tissue specific genes in stem cells are triggered

Differentiated cells form tissues

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QuestionGroup: #30 Development and society

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A pregnant mother ingests a chemical which her mother said would be great for the baby. When the baby was born, it had a large head and flippers for arms. What caused this phenotype?

The chemicals were teratogens which influenced oxidative phosphorylation causing the changes in the phenotype.

The chemicals influenced the expression of different stem cells.

There is no way to assume the chemicals caused the phenotype since we have no data on other mothers who took this medicine. It could have been purely by chance.

The chemicals were teratogens which caused the baby to show early signs of evolution.

Question 9

Codominance is a form of inheritance in which two different allelesfor a gene are both expressed, and neither allele is dominant overthe other. One example of codominance is fur color in cattle; thealleles for red fur and white fur are codominant. If a homozygousred cow and a homozygous white bull mate, what would you expect tofind in their offspring?.912.l.16.2>

They will all have white fur.

Their fur will be a mixture of red and white hairs.

Their fur will be a lighter shade of red.

They will all have red fur.

Question 10

If a tRNA molecule has an anticodon which reads AUG, what will itmatch up with and what amino acid is it carrying?
.912.l.16.5>

	U		C		A		G
	UUU	Phenylalanine	UCU	Serine	UAU	Tyrosine	UGU	Cysteine	U
U	UUC	Phenylalanine	UCC	Serine	UAC	Tyrosine	UGC	Cysteine	C
	UUA	Leucine	UCA	Serine	UAA	Stop	UGA	Stop	A
	UUG	Leucine	UCG	Serine	UAG	Stop	UGG	Tryptophan	G
	CUU	Leucine	CCU	Proline	CAU	Hisitidine	CGU	Arginine	U
C	CUC	Leucine	CCC	Proline	CAC	Hisitidine	CGC	Arginine	C
	CUA	Leucine	CCA	Proline	CAA	Glutamine	CGA	Arginine	A
	CUG	Leucine	CCG	Proline	CAG	Glutamine	CGG	Arginine	G
	AUU	Isoleucine	ACU	Threonine	AAU	Asparagine	AGU	Serine	U
A	AUC	Isoleucine	ACC	Threonine	AAC	Asparagine	AGC	Serine	C
	AUA	Isoleucine	ACA	Threonine	AAA	Lysine	AGA	Arginine	A
	AUG	Methionine/Start	ACG	Threonine	AAG	Lysine	AGG	Arginine	G
	GUU	Valine	GCU	Alanine	GAU	Aspartate	GGU	Glycine	U
G	GUC	Valine	GCC	Alanine	GAC	Aspartate	GGC	Glycine	C
	GUA	Valine	GCA	Alanine	GAA	Glutamate	GGA	Glycine	A
	GUG	Valine	GCG	Alanine	GAG	Glutamate	GGG	Glycine	G

It is carrying arginine and will match with a CGU codon on themRNA.

It is carrying methionine and will match with a TAC codon on theDNA.

It is carrying methionine and will match with a UAC codon on themRNA.

It is carrying tyrosine and will match with a UAC codon on themRNA.

Question 11

While the DNA in a human skin cell was being replicated, a singlebase was miscopied. What will be the most likely result of this forthe cell in which it happened?.912.l.16.3>

All the proteins the cell creates from the miscopied strand willdo different jobs than the old ones.

If the new sequence codes for the same amino acid as theoriginal cell, it will function normally.

Both new DNA strands will end up together in a new cell, and theinaccurate one will be discarded.

Any miscopied DNA will be replaced with an accurate DNA copyonce the cell divides.

Question 12

A ferret's haploid number of chromosomes is 20. How would thenumber of chromosomes in the ferret's body cells compare to thenumber of chromosomes in its gametes?.912.l.16.17>

Its body cells would have 20 chromosomes, and its gametes wouldhave 40 chromosomes.

Its body cells and gametes would both have 40 chromosomes.

Its body cells and gametes would both have 20 chromosomes.

Its body cells would have 40 chromosomes, and its gametes wouldhave 20 chromosomes.

Question 13

A body cell is in the longest stage of its life cycle. The cellgrows, synthesizing proteins and increasing in size. Eventually,the cell will grow too large to carry out normal activities. Whichof the following is the best conclusion you can make about the lifecycle of this cell?.912.l.16.14>

The cell is close to the end of its life cycle, and a chemicalsignal will initiate cell death.

The cell is ready to undergo mitosis, and a chemical signal willsend the cell to prophase.

The cell is in the G1 phase of interphase, and a chemical signalwill send the cell to the S phase.

The cell is in the S phase of interphase, and a chemical signalwill move the cell to the G2 phase.

Question 14

While mRNA strands are being created a sequence is sometimesmiscopied. What is the best possible outcome for the cell shouldthis take place?.912.l.16.5>

The miscopied sequence codes for the same amino acids as theoriginal sequence.

The new sequence creates a protein that serves a differentfunction from the original.

The ribosomes will correct the mistake before the tRNA matchesan amino acid to it.

The mRNA will only be used to create non-critical proteins forthe cell.

Question 15

Over the last several decades, the scientific community hasgathered a large amount of information regarding genetics andgenetic variation. What are two main sources that lead toincreased genetic variation?.912.l.15.15>

Selective breeding

Gamete mutations

Recombination

Genetic drift

salmonlouse680

Messenger RNA (mRNA)...

a) Is a structural part of a ribosome

b) Brings amino acids to DNA

c) Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

d) Is a structural part of a chromosome

e) Initiates and directs chemical reactions

Mr. Potato is homozygous dominant (KK), his son, Potato Jr. is heterozygous (Kk). Based on this information, what are the possible genotypes for Mrs. Potato? (Hint: use a Punnet Square).

a) Her genotype is definitely kk

b) Her genotype is either Kk or kk

c) Her genotype is either KK or Kk

d) Her genotype is either KK, or Kk, or kk

e) Mr. Potato cannot be Potato Jrâs biological father

12. Homologous chromosomes:

a) Are members of different chromosome pairs

b) Are genetically identical

c) Carry genetic information that influences the same traits (same genes but probably different alleles)

d) Are only inherited from the mother

e) Are only inherited from the father.

âFitnessâ in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individualâs:

a) Strength

b) Reproductive success

c) Aggressiveness

d) Size

e) Age at death

The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for the theory of...

a) uniformitarianism.

b) natural selection.

c) the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

d) catastrophism.

e) the fixity of species.

Even with strong selection, genetic variation of a population can be maintained because:

a) Selection only affects one gene at a time.

b) The effects of many alleles are hidden from selection by the effects of other alleles

c) Mutation constantly adds new alleles at an extremely fast rate.

d) Populations always go extinct before their gene frequencies are dramatically altered.

e) Only a and c

Gene Flow is defined as the:
a) Production of new alleles
b) New musical group in which Adam Levine will be the leading vocalist
c) Exchange of genes between populations
d) differential reproductive success of individuals
e) Process by which a DNA base gets extracted out of the nucleus to initiate the process of protein synthesis.

The basic unit of DNA is a molecule called a: a) Nucleotide

b) Base
c) Thymine
d) Prokaryoticcell e) mRNA

How many bases code for one amino acid? a) one

b) two
c) it depends on what amino acid it is d) three
e) four

Hemophilia is a condition that affects: a) more females than males
b) more males than females
c) females and males equally

d) only children born prematurely
e) individuals with a missing portion of chromosome number 5

A clear example of directional selection is:
a) Darwin finches with deeper and thicker beaks associated to a severe drought b) Sickle cell anemia in regions in which Malaria is endemic
c) Achondroplasticdwarfism
d) Fly halteres becoming fully developed wings after modification of a hox gene e) all of the above

Meiosis is evolutionarily significant because:
a) New combination of alleles can arise through independent assortment and crossing over

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b) It is the mechanism by which body tissues are repaired
c) It creates somatic cells that are crucial for our body organs to maintain us alive d) It allows forensics to determine the cause of death of unidentified people
e) none of the above

Homologous chromosomes:

a) Are exact copies of each other and contain exactly the same genetic material
b) Are members of different chromosome pairs
c) Are only inherited from the father
d) carry genetic information that influences the same traits (the same genes), however, each of the homologous chromosomes can contain different versions of the same gene (different alleles).

e) carry genetic information that influences different traits because each of the homologous chromosomes contains completely different genes at very different loci

How many chromosome pairs occur in a normal human somatic cell?

a) 46 b) 23 c) 22 d) 24 e) 45

What is the scientific method? Use bullet points to describe the 4 major components.

How is a hypothesis different from a theory?

List the four major components (described during class) necessary for natural selection to occur [AKA Darwinâs Four Postulates] (PDF1-3).

27. Who was Thomas Malthus? In what way(s) Malthus was influential for Darwinâs Theory of Natural Selection? Hint: populations vs resources.

29. What amino acids are being coded for by the gene segment provided below? Nucleotide triplets and their corresponding amino acids are:
ACA= Cysteine; AAA=Phenylalanine; TGG=Threonine; CCT=Glycine; GAT=Leucine; ATA=Tyrosine; AGG=Serine; TCT=Arginine

a) Threonine, serine, glycine, tyrosine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, cysteine.

b) Tyrosine, leucine, glycine, threonine, arginine, threonine, serine, cysteine.

c) Arginine, cysteine, serine, glycine, threonine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine.

d) Phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, arginine.

e) Phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, glycine, threonine, phenylalanine, arginine, serine.

BIOL 2004 Chapter Notes - Chapter 18: Ultraviolet, Growth Factor, Nitrous Acid

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