CHEM 234 Chapter Notes - Chapter 14: Bicyclic Molecule, Arrow Pushing, Alkyne
Document Summary
Conjugated compounds are useful in biology making their study important for many areas of industry and research. This chapter covers their properties and the reasons for those properties: information. One of these is the strength of their single bonds which in a four-carbon system is 147 pm compared to standard butane"s bonds being 153 pm. The single bonds in a conjugated system are shorter because instead of using sp3 hybridized orbitals, it uses sp2 orbitals because of the carbons also having a double bond. The electrons in a conjugated system are also delocalized so they are shared across several atoms further increasing stability. Conjugated dienes, just like alkenes, can undergo electrophilic additions, however a mixture of products is obtained instead of one markovnikov product, multiple substances are obtained. Because two products form, chemists try to control the ratio they achieve. The 1,2 product in the case above forms faster, but is less thermodynamically stable than the 1,4 product.
