HBS204 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Buffer Solution, Tubular Fluid, Extracellular Fluid

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tanjackal830

7 Apr 2020

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Tipped the balance a bit, some of those hydrogen ions are going to reassociate with a bicarbonate ion and move to the other side of equation to keep that balance steady. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system most important in ecf. There"s a number of buffering systems in the human body the most important in the extracellular fluid is the carbonic-acid- bicarbonate system. This response is slower than chemical buffers but still fairly rapid and it relies on this equation. It makes use of the relationship between the hydrogen concentration of ph and partial pressure of co2 in the blood. Suffering from acidosis ph too low high concentration of hydrogen ions - your kidney will increase the reabsorption of bicarbonate from 80 to. 90% - reabsorb everything out of the tubular fluid - increase the excretion of hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid decrease in h+ will make new bicarbonate ions.

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Experiment 18: Buffers Purpose In this experiment you will prepare several buffers and investigate their properties. Discussion A solution of a weak acid and one of its salts, in approximately equal concentrations, resists changes in pH when acid or base is added to it. (Note: The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of free H3Ot ion; it does not indicate concentration of combined acid such as HA.) The same is true for a solution of a weak base and one of its salts. A solution with this property is called a buffer (see illustration next page). Bufter systems are extremely important in many chemical and biological systems. For example, your blood contains a buffer system utilizing carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion. The important equilibrium in an acidic buffer is HA (aq) H20 ) A (a)0 () acid conjugate base in which the concentrations of acid and conjugate base are approximately equal. If a small amount of free acid (H30) is added to this solution, it reacts with the conjugate base A (reaction 1 in reverse). The equilibrium constant for this reaction is very large, so the reaction proceeds to near completion, absorbing the added acid. Similarly, added base (OH-) reacts with the acid HA as shown below: 2. HA (aq) + OH-(aq) ATaq) + H2O (1) This reaction also proceeds to completion, effectively absorbing any added base. Since the H30 and OH- concentrations are kept constant, the solution thus resists pH changes when an acid or base is added to it. A similar argument can be made for a basic buffer The actual pH of a buffer can be determined from the value of the Ka and the concentrations of the acid and conjugate base obtained from an initial-change- equilibrium table. However, a shortcut for buffers is available, and is shown below. We begin by writing and rearranging the equilibrium constant expression for the acid dissociation. If the -log of both sides of equation (3) is taken, a relationship involving pH is then obtained. H30IA] HA] 3. HA HAI -loglH30'1- -log Ka A- 141

What is an element?

What is a free radical? Why is it important to control freeradicals in the body?

What is a molecule? An ion?

What are the three types of bonding and what are theirproperties?

What is important about polar covalent bonds? What is adipole?

Why is hydrogen bonding critical in the human body?

What is a cation? An anion? A salt?

What are organic molecules and what are the most common elementsin them? What portion of the organic molecule affects the functionof it?

Compare and contrast the four types of organic molecules. Whatmakes them different? What are their monomers and functions?

Define amphipathic (amphiphilic). Understand the properties ofphospholipids in the function of the plasma membrane.

Know the functions of proteins and understand how they areformed (primary structure, etc.).

What is the importance of ATP?

Define: pH, acid, base. What is the relationship between[H⁺] and pH?

Define a buffer. Know the carbonic acid/bicarbonate ionbuffering in blood and the normal pH range of blood. Why arebuffers important?

What are the components of a chemical reaction?

What are enzymes? What is a substrate? A ligand? What is the EScomplex? Why is specificity of NZs important? What is affinity?Kd?

Know the factors that affect protein binding.

Understand enzyme regulation through inhibition, allostericregulation, cooperativity, and saturation.

. The kidneys contain millions of _________, which are the smallest functional units of the kidneys since each one can make urine from blood.

2. There are 3 stages in urine formation. The first stage is called____________; during this stage, blood pressure pushes water and small solutes out of a ball of capillaries called the __________ into the first part of the renal tubule called the _________ _________.

3. The second stage of urine formation is called _________. Cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) have special projections called _________ which increase their surface area, thus enabling the PCTs to transport about 70% of filtrate back into blood.

4. When a person is dehydrated, their blood volume and blood pressure are too low. Two hormones reduce the loss of sodium and water from the body during dehydration by concentrating urine to prevent further water loss. The first hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is called __________; this hormone stimulates sodium retention by nephrons. The second hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is called _________; this hormone cause water retention by nephrons.

5. ___________is the waste product of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis). This waste product must be eliminated from the body because it becomes toxic at high levels. This waste product combines with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ions lower blood pH, causing it to become too acidic. Kidneys are able to sense high H+ levels in blood and actively transport hydrogen ions (and other toxic blood borne chemicals) from blood into urine during ___________, the third stage of urine formation.

6. Urine and blood differ in composition. In a healthy person, blood contains _________ , __________, and _________ but urine DOES NOT these materials.

7. Urine moves from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder due to __________, a form of motility wherein _________ muscle tissue in the ureteral walls undergoes rhythmic waves of contractions.

8. The kidneys are located in the ___________ cavity; ureters conduct urine to the urinary bladder which is located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis joint of the _________ bones.

9. The three major systems which participate in the excretion of cellular wastes from blood include: the __________ system which eliminates urea and excess electrolytes like sodium; the ___________ system which eliminates water and salt; and the ____________ system, which eliminates carbon dioxide.

10. When the bladder is full, the _____________ reflex is initiated. During this reflex, the bladder walls contract and the ________ ________ sphincter, a circular structure made of _______ ______tissue, relaxes. Upon sensing an urge to urinate, a person can consciously contract their _______ _______ sphincter, a circular structure made of ________ ________ tissue - this stops the flow of urine out of the bladder and into the urethra until the time is convenient to urinate.

REFERENCE CITATIONS: _______________________________

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HBS204 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Buffer Solution, Tubular Fluid, Extracellular Fluid

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