BIOL 2P92 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Carl Linnaeus, Phylogenetic Tree, Monophyly
6 Feb 2017
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Invented taxonomic nomenclature (hierarchical system in which smaller groups are embedded into larger groups phylogenetic) Denotes relationships between higher levels, and lower levels = closer relationships (more. *see table 4. 1 examples of taxonomic categories to which representative animals belong specific similarities: 35 phyla. Subphylum: nested within phylum, and used in terms of vertebrates: know how to distinguish classes within a phylum from another (i. e. Insects and mammals are classes) (cid:862)-idae(cid:863) always (cid:373)ea(cid:374)s it"s a fa(cid:373)ily (cid:862)-i(cid:374)ae(cid:863) are subfa(cid:373)ilies. Phylogeny: family tree of varying lengths (shows relationships) Further towards the root = further back in time; assumes a common ancestor. Figure 4. 5: cladistics: a branch with multiple clades, clade: a branch on the phylogenetic tree, monophyletic grouping: includes all descendants and common ancestor (e, f, g, h) Can identify common ancestors and similar characteristics: paraphyletic grouping: includes the ancestor, and is missing some descendants (c, d, e, f, g, h)
