BIOL 1050 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Hindgut Fermentation, Hydrogen Bond, Covalent Bond

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16 Oct 2016

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Macromolecules

Carbohydrates:

Carbo - hydrate - carbon + hydrogen + oxygen

Energy source

Most common is glucose C6H12O6 (monosaccharide)

• Found in plants and animals

• Important energy source

Monosaccharide— One sugar

Polysaccharide— many sugars

• Covalent bond between monosaccharides

• Matose = Glucose + Glucose disaccharide (sugar for yeast to create ethanol)

• Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (aka. table sugar)

Fructose is created from corn

Storage Polysaccharides

• Plants and animals store sugars this way

• Starch = plant sugar storage (potatoes, grains)

• Glycogen = animal plant storage (muscle, liver)

Structural Polysaccharides

• Cellulose—cell walls in plants

1. Hard for monogastric animals to digest without help (good in diets as fibre)

2. Digestible by fermentation—ruminants and hind-gut fermenters

• Chitin—exoskeleton for arthropods

1. Makes bugs crunch when you step on them

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Side-note: Horses have trouble managing muscle glycogen

Lipids

Fats: glycerol + 3 fatty acids = lipid

Saturated fatty acid

• No double bonds, saturated with hydrogen

• Animal fats

Unsaturated fatty acid

• Double bond(s), fewer hydrogens

• Plants and fish fats

Omega-3 fatty acids essential for humans

Phospholipids

• Major component of cell membranes in animals

• Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group

Steroid

• Carbon skeleton in rings

• Precursor for hormone synthesis (most hormones are created by modifying

cholesterol)

Proteins

>50% of dry matter in cells

Made up of amino acids (20 different AA’s) [Figure 5.15 lists all 20]

Folded structure

• Changes biological activity

• One amino acid change causes sickle-cell anemia

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Document Summary

Carbo - hydrate - carbon + hydrogen + oxygen. Matose = glucose + glucose disaccharide (sugar for yeast to create ethanol) Sucrose = glucose + fructose (aka. table sugar) Cellulose cell walls in plants: hard for monogastric animals to digest without help (good in diets as fibre, digestible by fermentation ruminants and hind-gut fermenters. Chitin exoskeleton for arthropods: makes bugs crunch when you step on them. Fats: glycerol + 3 fatty acids = lipid. Two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate group. Precursor for hormone synthesis (most hormones are created by modifying cholesterol) Made up of amino acids (20 different aa"s) [figure 5. 15 lists all 20] Order of nucleotides determines the proteins coded for. Structure determined by bonding: a=t, c=g base pairs cause a double helix in dna. Uses hydrogen bonding to join the base pairs. Uses for sequencing dna for first year classes: C6h12o6 + 6 o2 > 6 co2 + energy (atp)

Related Questions

The synthesis of polymers involves the _____________ of water,while the digestion of polymers involves the ______________ ofwater.
1- addition, addition
2- removal, removal
3- addition, removal
4- removal, addition

All biological macromolecules are based on

carbon atoms because carbon readily shares four electron pairs withother carbon atoms, and thus form large, complex structures.
carbon atoms because C-H bonds are nonpolar.
oxygen atoms because oxygen has a strong attraction forelectrons.
oxygen atoms because the O-H bond is polar and thus allows forhydrogen bonds to form that allow the formation of largeconglomerates.

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be themolecular formula for a disaccharide linking two glucose moleculesvia dehydration synthesis?

C2H4O2
C6H12O6
C12H24O12
C12H22O11

Sucrose, the sugar in table sugar, is composed of one glucosemolecule joined to a fructose molecule. How is sucroseclassified?

as a monosaccharide
as a polysaccharide
as a hexose
as a disaccharide

From the fact that (i) high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) tastessweeter than regular table sugar and that (ii) human taste buds aremore sensitive for fructose than glucose, one can concludethat

HFCS contains fructose, but table sugar does not.
glucose and fructose must both be monosaccharides.
the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that intable sugar.
the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be 55%.
fructose stimulates the production of hormones that controlappetite and the blood sugar level.

I would expect plant cell walls to consist of a polysaccharide thatis

easy to break down by animals, but hard to break down by mostmicrobes.
easy to break down by most microbes, but hard to break down by mostanimals.
easy to break down by animals and most microbes.
hard to break down by animals and most microbes.

Nutritionists came up with the term âglycemic loadâ to describe thehealth effect of carbohydrates because

glycemic index was too difficult to understand.
glycemic index does not offer any useful information about howquickly a carbohydrate can be broken down into sugars.
the amount of a food consumed is as important as how quickly it canbe broken down into sugars.
only the amount of food consumed matters, but not how quickly acarbohydrate can be broken down into sugars.

Why does it make sense that cell division is stimulated by thepresence of sugar in the blood?

It is the body's goal to get the sugar out of the blood stream, andtwo cells can take up and remove more sugar from the blood streamthan one cell.
Two cells require more energy (that can be supplied by sugar as anenergy source) than one, and it is therefore advantageous for anorganism to regulate cell division to be slow in the absence of anenergy source and stimulated in the presence of an energy source.

BIOL 1050 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Hindgut Fermentation, Hydrogen Bond, Covalent Bond

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