PUBH 1145 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Amenorrhoea, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Orchitis
4 Nov 2020
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11 – Diseases & Disorders of the Reproductive System
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- 750,000 cases per year
- Lower abdominal pain, fever, vaginal discharge, painful urination, irregular bleeding, painful intercourse
- Often concurrent with STI
- Earlier treatment results in better outcomes
- Complications : infertility, ectopic pregnancy, abscess, chronic pain
- Treat underlying cause
Cervical Cancer
- Malignancy of the cervix
- Abnormal bleeding, painful intercourse, unusual discharge, abdominal pain
- HPV is leading cause
- Papanicolaou Test for diagnosis
o Examines cells harvested from the cervix
- Early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes
Endometrial Cancer
- Malignancy of the lining of the uterus
- Risks : estrogen exposure (birth control, hormone replacement), never giving birth
- Abnormal bleeding / discharge, pain
- Good prognosis if caught early
Fibroid Uterine Tumors
- 20-40% of women of reproductive age
- Shrink and disappear after menopause
- Mostly asymptomatic, pain, bleeding, abdominal pressure
- Surgical removal, uterine ablation
Ovarian Cancer
- Risks : age, no childbirth, other cancer, genetics
- Difficult to screen as ovaries are deep and difficult to palpate
- Bloating, abdominal pain, changes in urination patterns
- Poor prognosis as it is usually found at an advanced stage
Breast Cancer
- Found mostly in women
- Risks : never giving birth, age, white, alcohol abuse, family history, estrogen exposure
- Women should do regular self-checks
- Mammography, biopsy for diagnosis
- Good prognosis if caught early
Benign Conditions of the Breast
- Fibroadenoma
o Firm, round, moveable fibrous tissue
o Can shrink on their own, some need removal or ablation
- Breast cysts
