COM 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Cultural Diversity, Theory Of Reasoned Action, Formal Methods
7 Jun 2018
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Chapter 1:
● People will mimic the emotion you show them
● Critical thinking: ability to form and defend your own judgements rather than blindly accepting or
instantly rejecting what you hear or read
● Opinions: subjective judgements based on expertise, not capable of being verified by someone
else
● Strategic planning: process of identifying your goals and then determining how best to achieve
them
● Communication: interaction that builds connections between people that helps them to understand
each other and to recognize common interests
● Feedback: responses from the audience to the speaker
● Situation: particular context in which a speech takes place
● Rhetoric: the study of how messages affect people
● Rhetorical situation: a situation in which people’s understandings can be changed through
messages
○ Determinants- occasion, audience, speech, and speaker
○ Speakers can only make choices regarding: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and
delivery
● Identification: formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience
● Occasion: place and event where the speech is given
○ Ceremonial: speaking that focuses on the present and is usually concerned with praise
○ Deliberative: speaking that focuses on the future and is usually concerned with what
should be done
○ Forensic: speaking that focuses on the past and is usually concerned with justice
● Exigence: problem that cannot be avoided but can be solved, through the development of an
appropriate message
● Purpose of speeches:
○ Informing: providing listeners with new information or ideas
○ Persuading: influencing listeners’ attitudes and behavior
○ Entertaining: stimulating a sense of community through the celebration of bonds among
speaker and listeners
● Two types of noise:
○ Internal: psychological interference
○ External: physical sound
● Types of codes:
○ Verbal code: culturally prescribed and are learned by members of the culture
○ Vocal code: tone of voice, volume, pitch, rate, emphasis, and vocal quality
○ Visual: one communication code, includes personal appearance, facial expression, eye
contact, and visual aids
● Strategy: plan of action to achieve stated goals
● Speech elements:
○ Invention: generation of materials for the speech
○ Arrangement: structuring of ideas and materials in the speech
○ Style: distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable
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○ Delivery: presentation of speech
○ Memory: mental recall of key ideas and the basic structure of the speech
■ Extemporaneous presentation: outline
■ Manuscript presentation: written script
○ Public forum: space in which citizens gather to discuss issues affecting them
■ Characteristics:
● An issue confronts people collectively as well as individually
● Cooperative action is needed to address the issue
● It is important to know how for sure the best course of action to take
● A decision is required
■ Health of the public forum:
● Depends on active participation
● Is often weak, characterized by disengagement and apathy
● Maybe changing in form and in location
● Is aided by civic engagement
Chapter 2:
● Purpose: goal of the speech
● Thesis: main idea of the speech
● Ethos: speaker’s character as perceived by the audience
● Organizing a speech:
○ Structure:
■ Introduction: beginning of speech, get audience’s attention, state thesis, preview
the development of speech
■ Body: largest portion of speech, includes development of supporting materials to
prove the thesis and claims
● Supporting materials: forms of evidence that lend weight to the truth of a
claim
■ Conclusion: ending of speech, draws together the main ideas and provides a note
of finality
○ Arrangement:
■ Time
■ Spatial
■ Cause-effect
■ Problem-solution
■ topical
● Outlining a speech:
○ Extemporaneous: main ideas and structure have been worked out in advance but specific
wording has not been developed
■ Preparation outline: main ideas and supporting material are usually set forth in
complete sentences
■ Presentation outline: consists only of key words written on an index card
Chapter 3:
● Delivery: presentation of speech
● Empathy: feeling what listeners feel and knowing what they think
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● Volume: loudness of voice
● Pitch: placement of the voice on the musical scale, ranging from high to low
● Monotone: very narrow, unchanging pitch range
● Rate: speed at which a person speaks
● Articulation: precision and clarity in the production of individual vocal sounds
● Enunciation: precision and distinctiveness in sounding words
● Dialect: pronunciation pattern that characterizes a particular geographic area, economic or social
class, or cultural factors
● Inflection: pronunciation pattern for a sentence as a whole
● General rhythm of gesture:
○ Anticipation step: involves bringing the hands into a position from which the gesture can
be made
○ Implementation step: execution, raising the hand and moving it in the intended manner
○ Relaxation step: returning the hands to a normal relaxed position at the conclusion of a
gesture
● Modes of presentation:
○ Impromptu: the speaker has done little or no specific preparation for the speech
○ Memorized: speaker pays close attention to a prepared text and commits it to memory
○ Manuscript: speaker reads aloud the prepared text of the speech
○ Extemporaneous: prepared and rehearsed but neither written or memorized
Chapter 4:
● Hearing: sensory process in which sound waves are transmitted to the brain and someone
becomes conscious of sound
○ Natural physiological activity
● Listening: mental operation involving processing sound waves, interpreting their meaning, and
storing their meaning in memory
○ Cultivated skill
● Mapping: diagramming the relationship between the thesis of a speech and its main ideas
○ Identifying the thesis
○ Identifying the main ideas
○ Assessing the main ideas
○ Deciding whether the main ideas support the thesis
● Expediency standard: evaluation of a speech according to the effects its produces
● Artistic standard: evaluation of a speech according to its ethical execution of principles of public
speaking without regard to its actual effects
● Rhetorical criticism: analytical assessment of messages that are intended to affect other people
● Audience demographics: how speech should respond to certain characteristics of the audience as
a whole
○ Size
○ Heterogeneity: variety or diversity among audience members
○ Captive audience
○ Voluntary audience
○ Composition
○ Physically present audience
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Document Summary
People will mimic the emotion you show them. Critical thinking: ability to form and defend your own judgements rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read. Opinions: subjective judgements based on expertise, not capable of being verified by someone else. Strategic planning: process of identifying your goals and then determining how best to achieve them. Communication: interaction that builds connections between people that helps them to understand each other and to recognize common interests. Feedback: responses from the audience to the speaker. Situation: particular context in which a speech takes place. Rhetoric: the study of how messages affect people. Rhetorical situation: a situation in which people"s understandings can be changed through messages. Speakers can only make choices regarding: invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Identification: formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience. Occasion: place and event where the speech is given.
