INTBUS 6 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Minimal Pair, Free Variation, Received Pronunciation
25 Sep 2020
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Definitions and Terms (checklist)
Phonetics and Phonology
→ accent: way of pronunciation, defined geographically or socially
→ dialect: a form of a language, distinguished by vocab., grammar, pronunciation
→ variety: any form of a language, including dialects, styles…
→ standard accents: idealized, prestigious “sociolects” (RPA, GA)
→ RP: “Received Pronunciation”
→ phonetics: physical characteristics of sounds, concrete, not language specific
➢ Articulatory, Acoustic, Auditory
→ phonology: use of language (function), abstract, language specific
→ suprasegmental phonology: pronunciation aspects that can´t be segmented, prosody
→ phonetic transcription: process of writing down spoken language in phonetic symbols
→ phonographic relationship: 1 to 1 correspondence between speech and writing
→ phonetic symbols: symbols representing speech sounds
→ diacritic: marks indicating alterations
→ phonetic alphabet: whole set of symbols (IPA)
→ IPA: “International Phonetic Alphabet”
→ grapheme: smallest unit in a writing system, <>
→ phoneme inventory: how many sounds does a language have
→ phoneme: smallest unit of sound that differentiates meaning, abstract, inaudible, //
→ phone: realization of a phoneme by a speaker, concrete utterance, audible, []
→ allophone: realization of a phoneme in different possible ways
→ free variation: one/more allophones can replace one another, no change in meaning
→ complementary distribution: one/more allophones can´t replace one another
→ minimal pair: words that differ in meaning and only in one sound
→ narrow transcription: detailed, “phonetic transcription proper”, brackets []
→ broad transcription: undetailed, “phonemic transcription”, slashes //
→ broad intermediate transcription: “broad phonetic transcription”, brackets []
→ egressive pulmonic airstream mechanism: mechanism that uses lungs air
→ egressive glottalic airstream mechanism: mechanism that uses the larynx
→ ingressive airstream mechanism: air sucked in
→ narrow glottis: vocal folds vibrate, voiced
→ open glottis: vocal folds don´t vibrate, unvoiced
→ closed glottis: glottal closure/glottal stop as resulting sound
→ Rhotacism: special use of /r/, r-sound variation
→ Rhotic accent: /r/ pronounced whenever orthographically present
→ Non-Rhotic accent: /r/ not used after a vowel (except linking-r)
→ consonants: “air contoids”
→ vowels: “vocoids”
→ semi-vowels: “glides”, characteristics of both (margin of syllable, no obstruction)
→ intensity of articulation (consonants): breath force
➢ Lenis, fortis
→ place of articulation (c.): where the air is obstructed
➢ labial (Bilabial, labiodental), apical (dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatoalveolar),
dorsal (palatal, velar, uvular), glottal (epiglottal, glottal)
→ manner of articulation (c.): degree of closure of speech organs
➢ Non-Continuants (plosives, affricatives), Continuants (nasals, slit-fricatives, groove-
fricatives), Frictionless-Continuants (laterals, approximants)
→ devoiced consonants: often a final consonant after a shortening of the preceding vowel
→ intensity of articulation (vowels): energy
➢ Lax, tense
→ manner of articulation (v.): varying shapes of the mouth
➢ closeness/openness (close, open, intermediate), frontness/backness (front, back,
central), shape of the lips (spread, neutral, round)
→ vowel chart: “Vokaltrapez” or “vowel quadrilateral“
→ monophthongs: plain vowels, long or short
→ diphthongs: gliding vowels, centring or closing
→ triphthongs: diphthongs followed by Shwa
→ Shwa: occurs solely in unstressed syllables
→ Assimilation: one sound influences the articulation of another (progressive, regressive)
Document Summary
Accent: way of pronunciation, defined geographically or socially. Dialect: a form of a language, distinguished by vocab. , grammar, pronunciation. Variety: any form of a language, including dialects, styles . Standard accents: idealized, prestigious sociolects (rpa, ga) Phonetics: physical characteristics of sounds, concrete, not language specific. Phonology: use of language (function), abstract, language specific. Suprasegmental phonology: pronunciation aspects that can t be segmented, prosody. Phonetic transcription: process of writing down spoken language in phonetic symbols. Phonographic relationship: 1 to 1 correspondence between speech and writing. Phonetic alphabet: whole set of symbols (ipa) Grapheme: smallest unit in a writing system, <> Phoneme inventory: how many sounds does a language have. Phoneme: smallest unit of sound that differentiates meaning, abstract, inaudible, // Phone: realization of a phoneme by a speaker, concrete utterance, audible, [] Allophone: realization of a phoneme in different possible ways. Free variation: one/more allophones can replace one another, no change in meaning.
