NURS 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity, Pulmonary Artery
Cardiovascular System
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
-
A pump with circuits to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other products to tissue and cells
-
Remove wastes from tissues and cells
-
Blood vessels
Arteries - carry blood away from heart
○
Veins - carry blood towards the heart
○
Deoxygenated blood - low amount of oxygen
○
Oxygenated blood - high amount of oxygen
○
-
Evolution from small (unicellular) to large (multicellular) organisms
Diffusion
○
As organisms got bigger, plants and animals cannot simply use diffusion
Develop vascularization
§
○
-
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Pulmonary circuit
Blood flows from right side of heart to lungs and back to heart
○
Gas exchange in lungs
Oxygen loaded into blood
§
○
-
Systemic circuit
Blood flows from left side of heart to all body organs and back to heart
○
Gas exchange in organs
Oxygen unloaded from blood
§
○
-
Location of Heart
Heart rest on diaphragm (separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity)
-
Mediastinum region
-
Between lungs
-
Heart weighs 8 oz in female, 10 oz in male
-
Heart is angled, not positioned upright
Base is posterior and superior
○
-
Most of the heart is lined on left size about 2/3 to left
-
Cone shaped structure
-
About 5 inches long
-
3 1/2 inches wide
-
Heart Anatomy
Anterior
Base has a lot of vessels popping off of it
○
4 chambers
Top ones are called atria/atrium (right/left)
Have little flaps called auricles
□
Can expand, allowing for more blood
□
§
Lower chambers are called ventricles (right/left)
Walls
□
Intraventricular sulcus
□
§
○
-
Posterior
Other vessels coming off of the heart
○
Separation between ventricles
○
Large vein
Enlarged vein: coronary sinus
Blood cools from heart itself
□
§
○
-
Interior anatomy and blood flow
Superior vena cava: draining blood from upper part of body
Arm
§
Neck
§
Head
§
○
Inferior vena cava: draining blood from lower part of the body
Legs
§
○
Blood from vena cavas go into right atrium, it is deoxygenated blood and into the
right ventricle
○
-
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Little half moon CUSPS
○
Blood goes through semilunar and through pulmonary trunk and splits into right and
left pulmonary arteries, brings blood out to the right and left lung
○
-
Coronary Circuit
Heart itself has its own blood supply
-
Left and right coronary arteries
Diverting blood from aorta to heart muscle
○
-
80% of deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle ends up in coronary sinus, gets dumped
in right atrium
Next o the lungs to get oxygenated
○
-
Layers of Heart
Epicardium - most outer layer
Serous membrane - secretes serous fluid
○
-
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle cells, contractile portion
○
-
Endocardium - inside layer, lining of chambers
Innermost layer of the heart
○
Continuous with endothelium of large vessels attached to the heart
Simple squamous cells over connective tissue
§
Heart valves are formed by folds of the endocardium (double layer) with
connective tissue between
§
○
-
Heart valves
Cusp: flap of the valve
○
Each semilunar valve has 3 cusps
○
-
Papillary muscles: used for attachment
-
Cordae tenidae: tendons that attach cusps to papillary muscles
-
Pericardium
Double walled
-
Pericardial sac (parietal)
Has serous membrane on inside
○
Fibrous, serous layer
Keeps heart from expanding too much
§
Don't want heart too enlarged
§
Serous secretes slippery fluid
§
○
Outermost layer
○
-
Epicardium (visceral)
-
Pericardial cavity - space between walls
-
Pericardial fluid
-
Closer look at myocardium: cardiac muscle cells have intercalating disks within which are
gap junctions and desmosomes
Depolarization happens across heart
-
Held together tightly
-
Gap junctions so ions can move quickly
-
How all the heart cells stay in rhythm
3 cell types
Pacemaker cells - auto-rhythmic, setting the rate of the heart rate
○
Conducting cells - relay the action potential
○
Contractile cell (myocardium) - branching network of cardiac cells respond
○
-
Intrinsic Conduction System: pacemaker and conducting cells
1% of cardiac cells are specialize to generate action potentials spontaneously
-
Sinoatrial (SA) node = pacemaker located in right atrium
-
Atrioventricular (AV) node located in right atrium
-
AV bundle "Bundle of His" (right and left branches) located in interventricular septum
-
Purkinje fibers conduction myofibrils that make up the terminal part of the conducting
system at apex
-
Action Potentials and Cardiac Rhythm
70 beats/min; 1.2 beats/sec - Normal resting rate
-
Each beat is a cardiac cycle
Both atria contracting and relaxing
○
Both ventricles contracting and relaxing
○
-
SA node gets knocked out, AV can work, but too slow
-
Cardiac Cycle
All heat events occurring with one heart beat
-
Contraction = systole
-
Relaxation = diastole
-
One heart beat consists of atriole systole and diastole and ventricular systole and diastole
-
Takes about 800msec (.8sec)
-
Autonomic neurotransmitters modulate heart rate
Sympathetic system modification
Norepinephrine binds to B1 adrenergic receptors on the autorhythmic cells --- faster
heart rate
○
-
Parasympathetic System Modification
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors --- slower heart
○
-
Changes at Birth
In fetal heart, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus cause most blood to bypass pulmonary.
Circuit
-
When lungs inflate at birth, their resistance to blood flow decreases
Flap seals foramen ovale (eventual fossa ovalis)
○
-
Several hours after birth, ductus arteriosus closes
Eventual remnant is ligamentum arteriosum
○
-
Heart Health
Heart murmur: abnormal valve sounds
-
Myocardial infarction: coronary circulation blockage
arterioschlerosis
○
-
Heart Rate
Arrhythmia
○
Tachycardia
○
Bradycardia
○
-
S1 - AV valves closing
-
S2 - Semilunar closing
-
Lub/dub
-
Conduction problems or other heart pathologies
Arrhythmias
Irregular (skipping beats, extra fast beats)
§
Tachycardia > 100 beats/min at resting
§
Bradycardia < 60 beats/min at resting
§
○
-
Week 6 - 4/30
Monday, April 30, 2018
2:39 PM
Cardiovascular System
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
-
A pump with circuits to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other products to tissue and cells
-
Remove wastes from tissues and cells
-
Blood vessels
Arteries - carry blood away from heart
○
Veins - carry blood towards the heart
○
Deoxygenated blood - low amount of oxygen
○
Oxygenated blood - high amount of oxygen
○
-
Evolution from small (unicellular) to large (multicellular) organisms
Diffusion
○
As organisms got bigger, plants and animals cannot simply use diffusion
Develop vascularization
§
○
-
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Pulmonary circuit
Blood flows from right side of heart to lungs and back to heart
○
Gas exchange in lungs
Oxygen loaded into blood
§
○
-
Systemic circuit
Blood flows from left side of heart to all body organs and back to heart
○
Gas exchange in organs
Oxygen unloaded from blood
§
○
-
Location of Heart
Heart rest on diaphragm (separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity)
-
Mediastinum region
-
Between lungs
-
Heart weighs 8 oz in female, 10 oz in male
-
Heart is angled, not positioned upright
Base is posterior and superior
○
-
Most of the heart is lined on left size about 2/3 to left
-
Cone shaped structure
-
About 5 inches long
-
3 1/2 inches wide
-
Heart Anatomy
Anterior
Base has a lot of vessels popping off of it
○
4 chambers
Top ones are called atria/atrium (right/left)
Have little flaps called auricles
□
Can expand, allowing for more blood
□
§
Lower chambers are called ventricles (right/left)
Walls
□
Intraventricular sulcus
□
§
○
-
Posterior
Other vessels coming off of the heart
○
Separation between ventricles
○
Large vein
Enlarged vein: coronary sinus
Blood cools from heart itself
□
§
○
-
Interior anatomy and blood flow
Superior vena cava: draining blood from upper part of body
Arm
§
Neck
§
Head
§
○
Inferior vena cava: draining blood from lower part of the body
Legs
§
○
Blood from vena cavas go into right atrium, it is deoxygenated blood and into the
right ventricle
○
-
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Little half moon CUSPS
○
Blood goes through semilunar and through pulmonary trunk and splits into right and
left pulmonary arteries, brings blood out to the right and left lung
○
-
Coronary Circuit
Heart itself has its own blood supply
-
Left and right coronary arteries
Diverting blood from aorta to heart muscle
○
-
80% of deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle ends up in coronary sinus, gets dumped
in right atrium
Next o the lungs to get oxygenated
○
-
Layers of Heart
Epicardium - most outer layer
Serous membrane - secretes serous fluid
○
-
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle cells, contractile portion
○
-
Endocardium - inside layer, lining of chambers
Innermost layer of the heart
○
Continuous with endothelium of large vessels attached to the heart
Simple squamous cells over connective tissue
§
Heart valves are formed by folds of the endocardium (double layer) with
connective tissue between
§
○
-
Heart valves
Cusp: flap of the valve
○
Each semilunar valve has 3 cusps
○
-
Papillary muscles: used for attachment
-
Cordae tenidae: tendons that attach cusps to papillary muscles
-
Pericardium
Double walled
-
Pericardial sac (parietal)
Has serous membrane on inside
○
Fibrous, serous layer
Keeps heart from expanding too much
§
Don't want heart too enlarged
§
Serous secretes slippery fluid
§
○
Outermost layer
○
-
Epicardium (visceral)
-
Pericardial cavity - space between walls
-
Pericardial fluid
-
Closer look at myocardium: cardiac muscle cells have intercalating disks within which are
gap junctions and desmosomes
Depolarization happens across heart
-
Held together tightly
-
Gap junctions so ions can move quickly
-
How all the heart cells stay in rhythm
3 cell types
Pacemaker cells - auto-rhythmic, setting the rate of the heart rate
○
Conducting cells - relay the action potential
○
Contractile cell (myocardium) - branching network of cardiac cells respond
○
-
Intrinsic Conduction System: pacemaker and conducting cells
1% of cardiac cells are specialize to generate action potentials spontaneously
-
Sinoatrial (SA) node = pacemaker located in right atrium
-
Atrioventricular (AV) node located in right atrium
-
AV bundle "Bundle of His" (right and left branches) located in interventricular septum
-
Purkinje fibers conduction myofibrils that make up the terminal part of the conducting
system at apex
-
Action Potentials and Cardiac Rhythm
70 beats/min; 1.2 beats/sec - Normal resting rate
-
Each beat is a cardiac cycle
Both atria contracting and relaxing
○
Both ventricles contracting and relaxing
○
-
SA node gets knocked out, AV can work, but too slow
-
Cardiac Cycle
All heat events occurring with one heart beat
-
Contraction = systole
-
Relaxation = diastole
-
One heart beat consists of atriole systole and diastole and ventricular systole and diastole
-
Takes about 800msec (.8sec)
-
Autonomic neurotransmitters modulate heart rate
Sympathetic system modification
Norepinephrine binds to B1 adrenergic receptors on the autorhythmic cells --- faster
heart rate
○
-
Parasympathetic System Modification
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors --- slower heart
○
-
Changes at Birth
In fetal heart, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus cause most blood to bypass pulmonary.
Circuit
-
When lungs inflate at birth, their resistance to blood flow decreases
Flap seals foramen ovale (eventual fossa ovalis)
○
-
Several hours after birth, ductus arteriosus closes
Eventual remnant is ligamentum arteriosum
○
-
Heart Health
Heart murmur: abnormal valve sounds
-
Myocardial infarction: coronary circulation blockage
arterioschlerosis
○
-
Heart Rate
Arrhythmia
○
Tachycardia
○
Bradycardia
○
-
S1 - AV valves closing
-
S2 - Semilunar closing
-
Lub/dub
-
Conduction problems or other heart pathologies
Arrhythmias
Irregular (skipping beats, extra fast beats)
§
Tachycardia > 100 beats/min at resting
§
Bradycardia < 60 beats/min at resting
§
○
-
Week 6 - 4/30
Monday, April 30, 2018
2:39 PM
Cardiovascular System
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
-
A pump with circuits to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other products to tissue and cells
-
Remove wastes from tissues and cells
-
Blood vessels
Arteries - carry blood away from heart
○
Veins - carry blood towards the heart
○
Deoxygenated blood - low amount of oxygen
○
Oxygenated blood - high amount of oxygen
○
-
Evolution from small (unicellular) to large (multicellular) organisms
Diffusion
○
As organisms got bigger, plants and animals cannot simply use diffusion
Develop vascularization
§
○
-
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Pulmonary circuit
Blood flows from right side of heart to lungs and back to heart
○
Gas exchange in lungs
Oxygen loaded into blood
§
○
-
Systemic circuit
Blood flows from left side of heart to all body organs and back to heart
○
Gas exchange in organs
Oxygen unloaded from blood
§
○
-
Location of Heart
Heart rest on diaphragm (separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity)
-
Mediastinum region
-
Between lungs
-
Heart weighs 8 oz in female, 10 oz in male
-
Heart is angled, not positioned upright
Base is posterior and superior
○
-
Most of the heart is lined on left size about 2/3 to left
-
Cone shaped structure
-
About 5 inches long
-
3 1/2 inches wide
-
Heart Anatomy
Anterior
Base has a lot of vessels popping off of it
○
4 chambers
Top ones are called atria/atrium (right/left)
Have little flaps called auricles
□
Can expand, allowing for more blood
□
§
Lower chambers are called ventricles (right/left)
Walls
□
Intraventricular sulcus
□
§
○
-
Posterior
Other vessels coming off of the heart
○
Separation between ventricles
○
Large vein
Enlarged vein: coronary sinus
Blood cools from heart itself
□
§
○
-
Interior anatomy and blood flow
Superior vena cava: draining blood from upper part of body
Arm
§
Neck
§
Head
§
○
Inferior vena cava: draining blood from lower part of the body
Legs
§
○
Blood from vena cavas go into right atrium, it is deoxygenated blood and into the
right ventricle
○
-
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Little half moon CUSPS
○
Blood goes through semilunar and through pulmonary trunk and splits into right and
left pulmonary arteries, brings blood out to the right and left lung
○
-
Coronary Circuit
Heart itself has its own blood supply
-
Left and right coronary arteries
Diverting blood from aorta to heart muscle
○
-
80% of deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle ends up in coronary sinus, gets dumped
in right atrium
Next o the lungs to get oxygenated
○
-
Layers of Heart
Epicardium - most outer layer
Serous membrane - secretes serous fluid
○
-
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle cells, contractile portion
○
-
Endocardium - inside layer, lining of chambers
Innermost layer of the heart
○
Continuous with endothelium of large vessels attached to the heart
Simple squamous cells over connective tissue
§
Heart valves are formed by folds of the endocardium (double layer) with
connective tissue between
§
○
-
Heart valves
Cusp: flap of the valve
○
Each semilunar valve has 3 cusps
○
-
Papillary muscles: used for attachment
-
Cordae tenidae: tendons that attach cusps to papillary muscles
-
Pericardium
Double walled
-
Pericardial sac (parietal)
Has serous membrane on inside
○
Fibrous, serous layer
Keeps heart from expanding too much
§
Don't want heart too enlarged
§
Serous secretes slippery fluid
§
○
Outermost layer
○
-
Epicardium (visceral)
-
Pericardial cavity - space between walls
-
Pericardial fluid
-
Closer look at myocardium: cardiac muscle cells have intercalating disks within which are
gap junctions and desmosomes
Depolarization happens across heart
-
Held together tightly
-
Gap junctions so ions can move quickly
-
How all the heart cells stay in rhythm
3 cell types
Pacemaker cells - auto-rhythmic, setting the rate of the heart rate
○
Conducting cells - relay the action potential
○
Contractile cell (myocardium) - branching network of cardiac cells respond
○
-
Intrinsic Conduction System: pacemaker and conducting cells
1% of cardiac cells are specialize to generate action potentials spontaneously
-
Sinoatrial (SA) node = pacemaker located in right atrium
-
Atrioventricular (AV) node located in right atrium
-
AV bundle "Bundle of His" (right and left branches) located in interventricular septum
-
Purkinje fibers conduction myofibrils that make up the terminal part of the conducting
system at apex
-
Action Potentials and Cardiac Rhythm
70 beats/min; 1.2 beats/sec - Normal resting rate
-
Each beat is a cardiac cycle
Both atria contracting and relaxing
○
Both ventricles contracting and relaxing
○
-
SA node gets knocked out, AV can work, but too slow
-
Cardiac Cycle
All heat events occurring with one heart beat
-
Contraction = systole
-
Relaxation = diastole
-
One heart beat consists of atriole systole and diastole and ventricular systole and diastole
-
Takes about 800msec (.8sec)
-
Autonomic neurotransmitters modulate heart rate
Sympathetic system modification
Norepinephrine binds to B1 adrenergic receptors on the autorhythmic cells --- faster
heart rate
○
-
Parasympathetic System Modification
Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors --- slower heart
○
-
Changes at Birth
In fetal heart, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus cause most blood to bypass pulmonary.
Circuit
-
When lungs inflate at birth, their resistance to blood flow decreases
Flap seals foramen ovale (eventual fossa ovalis)
○
-
Several hours after birth, ductus arteriosus closes
Eventual remnant is ligamentum arteriosum
○
-
Heart Health
Heart murmur: abnormal valve sounds
-
Myocardial infarction: coronary circulation blockage
arterioschlerosis
○
-
Heart Rate
Arrhythmia
○
Tachycardia
○
Bradycardia
○
-
S1 - AV valves closing
-
S2 - Semilunar closing
-
Lub/dub
-
Conduction problems or other heart pathologies
Arrhythmias
Irregular (skipping beats, extra fast beats)
§
Tachycardia > 100 beats/min at resting
§
Bradycardia < 60 beats/min at resting
§
○
-
Week 6 - 4/30
Monday, April 30, 2018 2:39 PM
Document Summary
A pump with circuits to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other products to t. Evolution from small (unicellular) to large (multicellular) organisms. As organisms got bigger, plants and animals cannot simply use diffus. Blood flows from right side of heart to lungs and back to heart. Blood flows from left side of heart to all body organs and back to he. Heart rest on diaphragm (separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavi. Mediastinum region r products to tissue and cells y use diffusion ck to heart nal cavity) Heart weighs 8 oz in female, 10 oz in male. Most of the heart is lined on left size about 2/3 to left. Base has a lot of vessels popping off of it. Superior vena cava: draining blood from upper part of body. Inferior vena cava: draining blood from lower part of the body. Blood from vena cavas go into right atrium, it is deoxygenated blood a right ventricle.
