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How does the renal pelvis differ in males and females? How does this effect projections to the CNS? What disorders/disease may be connected to either renal pelvis or SNA abnormalities?

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Jarrod Robel
Jarrod RobelLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

1) A drop of urine would follow this path

a) renal pyramid/major calyx/minor calyx/renal pelvis/ureter

b) minor calyx/major calyx/renal pyramid/renal pelvis/ureter

c) renal pelvis/minor calyx/major calyx/renal pyramid/ureter

d) renal pyramid/minor calyx/major calyx/renal pelvis/ureter

2) The production of filtrate starts at

a) Loop of Henle

b) capsular space

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) proximal convoluted tubule

3) Major reabsorption of water happens by ____at the _____

a) contransport, distal convoluted tubules

b) Cl- shift, nephron loop

c) countercurrent, nephron loop

d) countercurrent, ureter

4) Angiotensin II causes production of ____to increase Na + reabsorption in the _________

a) renin; collecting duct

b) aldosterone; PCT

c) ADH; nephron loop

d) aldosterone; collecting duct

5) Most of the reabsorbed compounds from the filtrate end up in the

a) peritubular capillary

b) urine

c) nephron loop

d) DCT

6) Reabsorption of urea happens by

a) transcellular movement

b) by paracellular movement

c) by cotransport with glucose

d) by HCO3- movement

7) Transport Maximum, in urinary system terms, refers to

a) proteins performing ‘transport’ out of the filtrate at maximum rate

b) the reason why a diabetic produces large volumes of diluted urine

c) excess filtrate components being urinated out of the body

d) All choices are correct

8) Urine does not drop below pH 4.5 because

a) proteins that move H+ into filtrate stop working when too much H+ builds up in filtrate

b) proteins in urine neutralize acid

c) H+ are always buffered

d) the buffering system in urine does not run out

9) Hyperkalemia will

a) activate adrenal cells to secrete aldosterone

b) can stop the heart

c) No choices are correct

d) cause reduced excitability of neurons

e) All choices are correct

10)In your body, chloride (Cl-) can be found in its highest concentration in

a) extracellular fluid

b) intracellular fluid

c) Neither choice is correct

11) Diuretic abuse leads to

a) All choices are correct

b) two choices are correct

c) No choice is correct

d) dehydration

e) athletes being accused of doping

f) hypotonic hydration

12) Long diffusion distance, low blood pressure, and impaired circulation are the result of

a) hypernatremia

b) edema

c) hyperkalemia

d) water toxicity

13) In males FSH is under feedback control by _____ and is down regulated when _________reaches high concentrations

a) inhibin, testosterone/sperm #s

b) testosterone, inhibin/sustentocyte #s

c) ADH, inhibin/sustentocyte #s

d) LH, testosterone/sperm #s

14) Testosterone production is done by ____-cells

a) posterior pituitary

b ) interstitial endocrine

c) anterior pituitary

d) sustentocytes

15) Upon _____of estrogen/progesterone, the ____phase of the uterine cycle begins

a) increase; menstrual

b) decrease; menstrual

c) increase; proliferative

d) decrease; secretory

16) Progesterone

a) All choices are correct

b) is low in the luteal phase

c) No choices are correct

d) raises in the follicular phase

e) is high along with estrogen during the follicular phase

17) Which nephron is most responsible for urine concentration?

a) cortical nephrons

b) Juxtamedullary nephrons

c) Neither

Case-3: Patient History

P.W. is 23 years old. He was the victim of a hit-and-run auto-pedestrian accident and suffered multiple abrasions, a concussion, and a deep laceration of his left thigh. He was discovered approximately 2 hours after the incident and is now in the emergency department. P.W.’s vital signs and hematocrit suggest that he has had a blood loss of about 2500 ml. A urinary catheter is inserted to monitor urine output, and fluid resuscitation is initiated while his wounds are cleaned and sutured. The urine output is averaging 15 ml/hr, with a high urine osmolality and low urine sodium.

What type of renal failure is P.W. likely developing? (select all that apply)

Intrarenal acute renal failure
Prerenal acute renal failure
Postrenal acute renal failure

Chronic renal failure

Based on your answer for the previous question, what is the best therapy for preventing this from occurring? (select all that apply)

Adequate extracellular volume replacement with blood or isotonic fluids to ensure adequate circulating blood volume and perfusion pressure to the kidney is essential.
Antibiotic therapy should be administered immediately.
Restriction of fluid intake to prevent increase in circulating blood volume and perfusion pressure to the kidney is essential.
Dialysis should be initiated immediately.

In addition to urine output, what laboratory data should be monitored to assess changes in P.W.’s renal function? (select all that apply)

Serum BUN, creatinine, and potassium should be monitored. A decrease indicates decreased renal function.
Creatinine clearance can be measured to more accurately assess glomerular filtration rate.
Serum BUN, creatinine, and potassium should be monitored. An increase indicates decreased renal function.

Serum sodium may be useful in determining the correct IV fluid composition to administer.

If P.W.’s renal function does not return to normal, but continues to be diminished, what renal disorder might develop? (select all that apply)

He may progress to acute tubular necrosis.
He may develop renal calculi.
He may develop pyelonephritis
He may develop nephrotic syndrome

Pathophysiology:

A 53-year-old woman has hypertension, which is unstable, and she is currently on several medications for this. She is required to have monthly blood work and urine tests for renal function assessment because many of her pills have an effect on her kidneys.

a. How does the kidney impact on or influence the circulatory system in relation to the woman’s case?

b. What aspects of monitoring renal function should be explored?

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