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Related questions

For many years, antibiotics have been effectively used to treatbacterial disease; and pesticides have been used to protect ouragricultural crops from many kinds of pests, including insects,worms (nematodes), fungi, or agricultural weeds, for example.

A growing concern for treating bacterial diseases or pest outbreaksis the evolution of antibiotic or pesticide resistance by bacterialor pest populations. Resistance means that a particular antibioticis no longer effective in treating a disease, or that a particularpesticide will no longer prevent crop damage. This resistance canbe viewed as evolution of a new trait at the population level,which is resistance to an antibiotic or to a pesticide. In thisassignment, you will explore specific examples of antibiotic orpesticide resistance.

Assignment details:

After reading materials about evolution and about antibiotic andpesticide resistance in the text, the Course Materials, the AIUOnline Library and / or the Internet, answer the following.

1.Select and describe one example of antibiotic resistance orpesticide resistance. Be specific in your choice.

â¦Describe the background for your choice of resistance. Includedetails about the disease or pest and the established controlstrategies. How have we used antibiotics (to treat a particulardisease), or pesticides (to protect from a pest); and how has thischanged?

2.Explain how the resistant trait evolved based on principles ofnatural selection and evolution of a trait at the populationlevel.

3.For your specific example, what are the consequences ofresistance in terms of human health or crop loss / damage?

4.What steps can be taken to prevent or slow down the evolution ofantibiotic or pesticide resistance? Do you think we will succeed indoing so? Why or why not?

viridiancricket950

During the golden age of antibiotic discovery, many new antibiotics were isolated from the soil. Recent studies have found that soil bacteria are naturally resistant to most antibotics. Some of the soil bacteria may even use antibiotics as a nutrient source. Antibiotics must kill a broad spectrum of bacteria while being absorbed harmlessly by the body. Most antibiotics were developed based on Ehrlich "magic bullet" paradigm which is suited to testing antibiotic efficacy in a lab. However, infections are more complex than a pure culture on media in a petri plate. Antibiotic resistance conjures up the pre-antibiotic era of medicine in the early 20th century. The emergence of a plasmid mediated resistance to carbopenems, a last-line drug against a variety of bacteria was alarming to public health workers. Antibiotics may cause collateral damage like a C. diff infection that leads to colitis.

5. Why is a bacterial infection that involves a biofilm harder to control with antibiotics than an infection which does not involve a biofilm?

6. Explain how taking antibiotics would cause the bacteria Clostridium difficle, which is part of the healthy colon microbiome, to become pathogenic?

7. How do bacteria resist antibiotics?

Bacteria also develop resistance to biocides. Traditional cleaning methods for equipment may have limitations. For example, patients who recieve a bed used by a prior patient with a bacterial infection are at an increased risk for being colonized and infected by that same bacteria. In addition, bacteria in a healthcare setting are exposed to disinfection which selects for the resistant members of that bacterial population. No-touch methods of disinfection, i.e. uv light or hydrogen peroxide vapor, of equipment may be an improvement. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29214175# (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

8. Are biofilms a concern when disinfecting equipment? Why?

During the Flint, MI water crises as levels of chlorine fell in the drinking water cases of Legionnaires' disease increased. Legionnaires' disease is a water borne infectious disease caused by Legionella. One study reported that for every drop in cholorine concentration of mg/L of river water the odds of a reported case of Legionnaire's disease increased by 80%, thus establishing not causation but association. Some argued that Legionella is tolerant of chlorine, espceillay when it grows in biofilms and that the temperature difference between lake and river water accounts for the increase in Legionella infections. The recommended level of chlorine to treat water for drinking is 0.2-0.5 mg/L.

doi:10.1126/science.aat2210 Was Flintâs deadly Legionnairesâ epidemic caused by low chlorine levels in the water supply? David Shult (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.z

Was Flintâs deadly Legionnairesâ epidemic caused by low chlorine levels in the water supply?

9. What effect would increasing the concentration of chlorine to 1.4 mg/L have had on the people who drink Flint water?

10. What happens to the water pipes when chlorine levels are increased to control bacteria? Could these uninteded consequences increase bacterial growth?