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Ashik Ahmed

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Introduction: you’ll construct materials for an experiment, following the principles of experimental design in Gries 

Ditransitive verbs are verbs that appear with two VP-internal arguments. One argument is called the Theme. The Theme is the argument that moves or changes possession in the event described by the verb. The other argument is the Goal. The Goal argument describes where the Theme argument moves to or who gains possession of the Theme at the end of the event. (These are illustrated in (1).)

Many ditransitive verbs in English alternate—that is, appear differently in different syntactic contexts. Give, for instance, has an alternation where its Theme and Goal can appear as an NP and PP, as in (1-a), or as an NP and another NP, as in (1-b). (Some terminology: the PP in the former example is called the indirect object, while the second type of example is sometimes called the double object construction.)

(1) a. She gave a book to the librarian.                      (NP + PP)

b. She gave the library a book.                                  (NP + NP)



This alternation is not always available, though. For instance, (2) and (3) are both pretty odd sounding to native English speakers.

(2) a. I mailed a book to Japan.


b. ??I mailed Japan a book.

(3) a. Bugs give me the creeps.


b. ??Bugs give the creeps to me.

 

 



Task: you’ll design an acceptability judgment experiment to test aspects that determine when this alternation is acceptable, by looking at the interaction of construction type (syntactic position of Goal and Theme NPs) and definiteness of the Theme NP.

You’ll construct your stimuli with two variables in mind:

• Construction: Two levels, NP+PP and NP+NP.

• Definiteness: Definiteness of the Theme argument, with the levels Definite and Indefinite.

Note: In English, a definite NP uses the as the article, while an indefinite NP uses a (or nothing) as the article.

It’s not relevant for the task, but the dependent variable is Acceptability, on a 6 point scale.

Here’s a schematized token set, illustrating what you are creating:

                                           Construction: NP PP            Construction: NP NP

Definiteness: Definite          V the-NP to NP                        V a-NP to NP


 Definiteness: Indefinite       V NP the-NP                             V NP a-NP


Table 1: Schematized token set for Construction × Definiteness.

 

 


To illustrate more concretely, suppose you constructed a set of example stimuli using give. You might build the following set of stimuli which vary both by construction type and by definiteness of the Goal.

(4) NP+PP

a. The boy gave the chocolate to the girl. (Definite)

b. The boy gave a chocolate to the girl.  (Indefinite)



(5) NP+NP

a. The boy gave the girl the chocolate.  (Definite) 

b. The boy gave the girl a chocolate.  (Indefinite)

Or, in the table format:

                                          NP PP                                                              NP NP

 Definite     The boy gave the chocolate to the girl.          (The boy gave a chocolate to the girl.  NP NP)

 


 Indefinite   The boy gave the girl the chocolate.                 (The boy gave the girl a chocolate. NP NP)

Table 2: Concrete token set for Construction × Definiteness.

 

 

Part A: You are a research assistant for a professor, and are helping them make materials for an experiment. Create twelve concrete token sets total that follow the schema above. These are the crucial sentences that would be shown to a participant in the experiment.

1. List your 12 concrete token sets. Give a label to each concrete token set (e.g. “A”, “B”, etc).

2. Describe any extraneous linguistic variables you took into consideration when you chose your experimental items. What possible language-related confounds did you try to control for in your sentences, and how? Be specific.

2 Part B: Suppose the professor you work for has decided that a between-subjects design is appropriate for this experiment.

1. How many lists of stimuli for the experiment would you have to create in order to use a between-subjects design? Briefly explain your reasoning.

2. At a minimum, how many fillers do there need to be in each stimuli list? Create enough fillers for one list.

3. Discuss the considerations you paid attention to while constructing your fillers.

Part C: Now suppose the professor you’re working for has changed their mind, and decided it’s better to use a within-subjects design for the experiment.

1. How many lists of stimuli would you have to create in order to use a within-subjects design? Briefly explain your reasoning. (Don’t worry about counterbalancing in the answer to this question.)

2. Create one of the stimuli lists for the experiment. Your list should be pseudorandomized and follow the principles Gries. The list should include the experimental sentences from Part A, and an appropriate amount of fillers from Part B. If you discover you need more fillers for your list, create them.

3. Save your list as a comma-separated file or tab-separated file. You should have the columns Sentence (the sentence you are presenting), Definiteness (the definiteness of the sentence, e.g. definite or indefinite), Type (the type of construction, NPNP or NPPP), and TokenSet (the label of the token set the sentence came from). If the sentence is a filler, leave Definiteness and Type blank, and put Filler as the TokenSet.

You’ll wind up with a CSV or TSV that’s structured similar to this:

                                                            …………


Sentence                                                    Definiteness  Type    TokenSet

The boy gave the chocolate to the girl.     Definite        NPPP         A

The boy gave a chocolate to the girl.      Indefinite        NPPP         A

The girl saw the boy in the hall.                                                        Filler

The boy gave the girl the chocolate.         Definite            NPNP      A

The teacher met the student after lunch.                                        Filler

The boy gave the girl a chocolate.           Indefinite           NPNP       A

                                                              …………

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Positive and negative abt the text 14 examples

Peer pressure is getting worse. Why is that, and how can we fix it?
By Paige Venable, Seneca High School for Burlington County Times March 4, 2020
 
Peer pressure. It is a common topic that most teens have faced time and time again.
 
Peer pressure is defined as "influence from members of one peer's group." In other words, it's the urge that one feels compelled to do something just because their friends are doing it in order to "fit in."
Some of the most common examples of peer pressure are farcing someone to drink or do-drugs, getting involved in a relationship with someone you don't want to, causing one to get into a fight, and much more.
 
Peer pressure is common amongst teens but can exist within all ages, from kids to young adults. However, most are unaware when they are getting peer 
pressured, because they don't realize how toxic it is, especially today.
 
Unfortunately, we can't easily get rid of it. Yet we can bring awareness to it by talking talked about it more and discussing it with victims, to fully understand its different effects.
 
What teens say about peer pressure
I reached out to the rest of the Teen Takes panelists to understand their experiences with peer pressure and its impact. Peer pressure can occur in multiple forms and situations and I was curious about their opinions on where it is most common in today's society.
 
Roman Craig believes that peer pressure is most common in social situations with bullying and harassment. "If someone makes a discriminatory comment or joke, to preserve social status, people won't speak up or defend the other person, " said Craig, a junior at Souderton Area High School.
Lenape High School senior Jason Hampton believes that peer pressure mainly exists at parties where teens and young adults are easily tempted to do a wide
 
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Positive and negative about the text 14 examples!

Peer pressure is a natural thing that we all encounter at least once in our lives, same to greater extent than others. However, we can still minimize this problem.
 
"Basically, I believe the struggle to prevent peer pressure is a noble one, but must be affected at the root," said Summer. "Equipping young children with the capacity to act as an individual - allowing them the space and autonomy to make mistakes and learn from them, learning to trust themselves rather than solely an authority figure - is necessary to prevent them from succumbing to peer pressure in the future, when the stakes are much higher."
 
Said Roman: "My perspective on peer pressure is that it exists and will continue no matter what we do, Peer pressure in social situations manifests in bullying and harassment many people face. However, we can fix it through projects and campaigns as well as a change in the social mindset."
 
For Jason, "Peer pressure is definitely still a major problem, but I don't think, it's a problem we can really avoid. Each generation of teens go through it at some point, and even adults and kids may fall victim to peer pressure in their lives as well. And as with any social issue, the problem doesn't affect all teens across the board. Everyone reacts differently to peer pressure, it's just a part of life and the magic of individuality."
 
Brooke called peer pressure "suffocating."
 
"It has impacted every generation, making the issue of it that much more urgent and why conversation and education around it needs to be promoted," she said. "No person or teen should forget who they are or diverge to irresponsible decisions under the dictation of peer pressure. Peer Pressure should not define people but instead be a mere obstacle to overcome."
 
Annika called peer pressure a "moment of reckoning" for teens.
 
"I think that peer pressure is one of the true conflicts that younger people face as they grow," she said. "Peer pressure makes a teenager stuck in the moment, reeling with their own perspectives as well as the opinions of everyone around them."
 
I felt compelled to write about peer pressure even though I have never experienced it, because I have witnessed countless teens from my school fall into its trap time and time again. It really upsets me, as a 16-year-old high school student, that it creates an endless cycle of getting yourself involved in situations that are extremely uncomfortable.
 
 
It's appalling to see what certain people do for attention or to maintain their social status. They are willing to sacrifice sa much and go to great lengths despite the consequences.
 
I hope this encourages you, no matter how old you are, to recognize the specific outcomes and long-lasting effects peer pressure has on people. Whether you're a victim of it or have simply witnessed it, please be aware of the long-term damage it is causing to our current generation and the ones that follow.
 
If you're ever thinking about doing something such as drinking or trying drugs, just remember how little it benefits you and that you shouldn't do it to "look cool."
 
Paige Venable is a junior at Seneca High School. A native of Pembroke Pines, Flarida, she is editarn-chief of Seneca's student newspaper and has a passion for writing.
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