BIOL301 Final: BIOL 301 Unit 5 - Circulatory System - Exam Questions.docx

1. Anemia is the general term for conditions that result in theblood not being able to carry enough oxygen to the tissues in thebody. This can be due to a person's inability to produce enoughnormal hemoglobin molecules and/or red blood cells.

Which type of anemia is due to a decrease in red blood cellproduction because of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Select one:

a. sickle cell anemia

b. pernicious anemia

c. iron-deficiency anemia

2. Which is the most common blood type in the US?

Select one:

a. A

b. B

c. AB

d. O

3. Which of the following is found in plasma?

Select one or more:

a. vitamins

b. red blood cells

c. hormones

d. platelets

e. all of the above

4. Cells that can differentiate into any of the formed elements(red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) are celled Answercells

5. Eosinophils and monocytes are involved in allergicreactions.

Select one:

True

False

6. Hemoglobin is the molecule that floats around in blood andcarries oxygen molecules to the tissues in your body.

True or false: Oxygen binds to the iron in the hemoglobinmolecule.

Select one:

True

False

7. Hemolytic disease of the newborn can happen during a woman'sfirst pregnancy where the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+.

Select one:

True

False

8. Leukemia is cancer of the white blood cell. It is the resultof an abnormal white blood cell multiplying uncontrollably. Why isit so letal? Because it takes over the red bone marrow and doesn'tallow normal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets toform.

True or false:

Without enough red blood cells, you can't bring oxygen to thetissues in your body.

Without enough platelets, you won't be able to form clots, forinstance, to stop you from bleeding when you get a cut.

Without enough normal white blood cells, you cannot fightinfections properly.

Select one:

True

False

9. The neutrophil is the first white blood cell to arrive at thesite of an infection.

Select one:

True

False

10. Blood clots serve to stop a person from bleeding, forinstance, when they get a cut (a blood vessel is broken open). Whena blood clot forms in an unbroken blood vessel, it is called anembolus; when the embolus breaks free from the wall of that bloodvessel, it is called a thrombus.

Select one:

True

False

1. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each sentence. Be as specific as possible.

a. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme -------- , which catalyzes the conversion of metabolically produced CO₂ and water into --------- .

b. Most old erythrocytes are removed from circulation and destroyed by cells called ------------- , as they rupture passing through the narrow capillaries of the organ called the --------- .

c. Undifferentiated cells called------------ reside in the bone marrow, where they continuously divide and-------------- to give rise to each of the types of blood cells.

d. The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary ----------- to exit the vasculature is known as ----------- . Once they leave the bloodstream to fight a pathological condition, they never return.

e. The genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte are called-------------- , and a person with agglutinins that react with type A and blood type B has type------------- blood.

f. During embryonic development, ninety-nine percent of the cardiac fibers are specialized for the function called----------- , whereas the remainder is specialized for-------------- .

g. The action potential delay at the-------------------- ensures that atrial excitation and contraction are complete before------------------ excitation and contraction commence.

h. The--------------------- is the volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed. An increase of this volume occurs when the stroke volume is .

i. The three cations, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ have an important effect of heart function. Increased blood levels of Na⁺ blocks----------------- inflow and results in a decrease in the force of contraction, while an excess of---------------- blocks the generation of action potentials.

j. An increase in parasympathetic activity ---------------- has the following effect on stroke volume: ---------------- . An increase in parasympathetic activity --------------- atrial contractility.

The A antigen (the protein that makes A blood A blood) is embedded in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. Blood group A individuals will automatically carry antibodies (proteins that are in the blood plasma-liquid part of blood) that will attack blood group B cells. Blood group B individuals will carry antibodies that will attack blood group A cells. Blood group O individuals, lacking either of the A or B antigens will carry BOTH types of antibodies and will attack either A or B cells. When there is a transfusion with incompatible blood groups, cells can clump creating blockages in arteries throughout the body. Other pathways can lead to the lysing of RBC’s which will release their contents into the bloodstream elevating these component in the blood which can have sever effects on the heart (potassium primarily-in case you are interested).

Remember, the Rh is a typical one gene, two allele scenario. Rh+ blood can accept Rh+ or Rh- blood. A person with Rh- blood can only receive Rh- blood. Unlike ABO where an individual manufactures the antibody to an antigen they lack without prior exposure, the Rh factor requires previous exposure to illicit an immune response. If a Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood, the individual will create the antibody against the Rh antigen. Now, if Rh+ blood is introduced into this individual again, the recipient’s blood contains anti-Rh antibodies and will attack the Rh+ cells-Bad news for the recipient. This is the same thing that happens with an Rh- mom who gets pregnant with an Rh+ baby. By the time the first Rh+ baby is born and blood mixing may have occurred during late pregnancy (small breaks in the placenta can cause some of baby’s blood to mix with that of mom), first baby escapes unharmed. Subsequent babies aren’t so lucky.

If there are small tears in the placenta (which are normal), mom’s anti Rh antibodies can go in and attack the Rh+ baby’s blood. This can kill the baby. Now, Rh- moms are given a substance that will coat the baby’s RBC’; kind of like putting them into stealth mode so they can’t be seen by mom’s immune system. Later-poof, out pops unaffected baby.

1. What blood type(s) can be given to an A positive individual?

2. If you have B negative blood, what blood types can you receive?

3. What blood types can an O negative receive? O positive?

4. If a man is blood group B and his wife is blood group A what blood type(s) are you 100% sure they could produce in their children?

5. If you have a blood group O father and a blood group B mother, can they produce an O child? Explain your answer.

6. You have a male friend who is blood group AB. He is successful in business but knows very little about biology. His wife just had an O child. Knowing that you have been studying the genetics of blood groups, he asks you for an education on blood groups. What do you think about this situation?

7. A woman is AB and her husband is A. They have a B child. What are all the blood groups possible in their children if he is heterozygous?

8. A woman is Rh- and her husband is Rh+. Their first baby is Rh-. What is the genotype, with respect to Rh, of the parents? What is the probability their next child will be Rh+? Does the woman have to worry about any issues with future children? Explain!