Pathology 3245B- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 32 pages long!)
1 Dec 2017
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Cortex: filtration (outer layer: glomerulus: functional filtration unit. Spheres of capillaries surrounded by podocytes, which send out tendrils that envelop the capillaries, forming filtration slits. Protein meshwork (negatively charged; physical and charge barrier against albumin) Medulla: concentration (inner layer: loop of henle: functional concentration unit. Lined by cells that actively secret acids, drugs, toxins and reabsorb water, ions, nutrients. Tubules contain many microvilli to maximize surface area. Serum protein loss in urine: electrolyte disturbances (na+, k+, ca2+, po4. 3-: decreased ph (acidosis, increased nitrogenous waste products (azotemia, anemia. Specialized kidney cells detect low o2 and release erythropoietin (epo), which stimulates bone marrow to increase rbc production. Exogenous epo therapy: chronic anemia, chemotherapy, sports doping scandals: loss of bone density (osteodystrophy) Stimulation of parathyroid glands; hyperplasia; release of pth; increased bone resorption. 3-] (deceased excretion: treatment, dietary: avoid foods high in na+, po4, medication, dialysis, transplant. Most damage the glomerular filter in some way: classification, primary glomerulopathies.
