BSC-2010 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Hydrolysis, Catabolism, Lysosome

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28 Feb 2017

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They are made of fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins. In the fluid mosaic model, amphipathic (has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions) proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. The molecules in the membrane include phospholipids and proteins. Phospholipids and some proteins move laterally within the membrane. Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails of some phospholipids keep membranes fluid at low temps, while cholesterol helps resist change in fluidity caused by temp changes. Differences in membrane lipid composition, as well as the ability to change lipid composition, are evolutionary traits that ensure membrane fluidity. Integral proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer while peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane surface. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Short chains of sugars linked to proteins (in glycoproteins) and lipids (in glycolipids) on the exterior side of the plasma membrane interact with surface molecule of other cells. Membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized in the er and modified in the er and golgi apparatus.

Related Questions

What roles do membranes play in a cell?

What are cell membranes composed of?

What is a lipid? What are some examples of lipids? What does amphipathic mean?

What are the structure properties of triacylglycerols and steroids?

What are the structural properties of phospholipid and detergents? What arrangements do phospholipids, detergents, and a combination of phospholipids and detergents tend to take in solution?

What type of movements phospholipids undergo in a membrane? What type of movements do they not do?

What determines membrane fluidity?

Where are membranes formed in the cell? How is membrane asymmetry created and maintained? What are flippases and scramblases? Where do they function?

What is the spatial arrangement of a membrane during transport?

What are the different classifications of membrane proteins and what secondary structures are commonly found in transmembrane proteins?

What is the cell cortex?

What are membrane domains? What are different ways of establishing them?

What is FRAP? How does it work?

What is the carbohydrate layer? What are its functions? What is a lectin?

Explain the cell theory; know the three basic tenets of the theory.

All cells have to carry out certain functions, what do all cells have in common?

Compare/contrast an Eukaryotic vs a Prokaryotic cell type.

Understand the concept of selective toxicity. What do all effective targets of an antimicrobial agent have in common? What are some characteristics of Prokaryotic cells that can be targeted?

Explain the unity and diversity of prokaryotic cells in terms of evolutionary theories.

Describe the three basic shapes (morphologies) of bacteria.

What are the functions of the plasma membrane, how does the structure of the plasma membrane aid in carrying out these functions?

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Draw out the plasma membrane, include the phospholipid bilayer (indicating polar/hydrophilic and nonpolar/hydrophobic components) and peripheral and integral proteins. Also indicate the intracellular (cytoplasmic) and extracellular regions.

What are the functions of the components of the plasma membrane? Phospholipids, proteins?

Transport. Compare/contrast the following mechanisms of transport in terms of the types of molecules transported, with or against the concentration gradient, if any Energy input is required, if a transport molecule is involved, and if Euk and or Prok use this mechanism.

Osmosis (explain the role of aquaporins)

Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

Active transport (proton motive force / ATP binding cassette system)

Group translocation

Cholesterol is transported in the bloodstream in lipoproteinparticles. There are several classes of lipoprotein particles, butone of the most important classes is called Low-densitylipoproteins (LDL). LDL particles are composed of a single moleculeof a large protein called apolipoprotein, as well as thousands ofcholesterols molecules and phospholipids. Part of theapolipoprotein forms the surface of the particles and faces theaqueous phase, while other parts face the hydrophobic interior ofthe particle where they interact with cholesterol and thehydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. When cells need additionalcholesterol, they produce a receptor protein on the surface oftheir plasma membrane that binds to the apolipoprotein andinitiates the uptake of LDL particles into the cell via a processcalled endocytosis.

1. What is the likely reason that LDL particles are used totransport cholesterol in the blood stream?

a. Cholesterol in LDL particles easily inserts into lipidbilayers

b. Cholesterol id largely insoluble in aqueous solutions

c. Cholesterol is synthesized within LDL particles

d. LDL particles can form lipid rafts in the lipid bilayer

2. What is the most likely location of phospholipids in LDLparticles?

a. Bound to the hydrophilic domain of apolipoprotein

b. In the lipid bilayer that surrounds LDL particles

c. On the surface interacting with the aqueous environment aswell as interacting with the hydrophobic core of the particle

d. Within the hydrophobic core of the particle

3. What best describes the class of protein that apolipoproteinbelongs to?

a. Amphipathic proteins

b. Cell surface proteins

c. Membrane associated protein

d. Multipass membrane proteins

4. What kind of molecule on the surface of the cell would bemost likely to serve as a receptor for LDL particles?

a. a cholesterol binding protein

b. a glycolipid

c. a phospholipid

d. trans membrane protein

5. What conditions would be most likely to trigger increaseduptake of LDL particles by cells?

a. increased glycolipid synthesis

b. increased plasma membrane growth

c. increased protein secretion

d. increase protein synthesis

BSC-2010 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Hydrolysis, Catabolism, Lysosome

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