B STR 301 Study Guide - Final Guide: Lysozyme, Hard Palate, Orbicularis Oris Muscle

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indigobuffalo444

27 Jun 2018

School

Department

Biological Structure

Course

B STR 301

Professor

Ronald E Stenkamp

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MIDTERM 2 WEEK 7 OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the functions and major processes of the digestive

system

- Making energy

- Making building blocks

-Ingestion: intake of food

-Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown

-Absorption: uptake of nutrients

-Compaction: absorption of water

oConsolidation of indigestible residue

-Defecation: elimination of feces

2. List the regions of the digestive system that food passes through

during digestion.

-Alimentary Canal:

oOral cavity to the anus

-Gastrointestinal tract:

oPart of the alimentary canal

oStomach & intestines (small and large)

-Accessory glands and structure:

oLiver

oPancreas

3. Identify the layers of the wall of the digestive tract

-Alimentary Canal Wall has FOUR layers:

oVariation occurs along the length of the GI tract

oFrom the esophagus to the anal canal, the wall has the same four layers

oMucosa: next to the lumen

Epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

oSubmucosa

Fibrous connective tissue

Submucosal nerve plexus: controls gland secretions

oMuscularis

Two layers of muscle

Longitudinal muscle (goes in the same direction of the tube)

Circular muscle (goes around the tube)

oCauses lumen to get smaller

Myenteric Plexus: controls peristalsis

oSerosa: outer surface

Epithelium

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MIDTERM 2 WEEK 7 OBJECTIVES

Connective tissue

-Peritoneum & Mesenteries:

oPeritoneum: serious membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and

covering the surfaces of the organs within

Visceral peritoneum: serosa

Parietal peritoneum: lines the cavity and is continuous with the

visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity: space between containing serous fluid

Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum

4. Name and describe the mesenteries

-Mesenteries: connective tissue sheets holding abdominal viscera in place

oDouble layers of serous membrane that will help to attach organs to the

dorsal wall of the abdomen

Functions

Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

Hold organs in place

Store fat, lymph nodes

oVery important for pathways of nerves and blood vessels to get to those

organs

-Lesser omentum: extends from lesser curvature of stomach to liver

oSuspends stomach and small intestine (duodenum portion) from liver

oConnects the stomach to the intestines

-Greater omentum: hangs down like an apron from stomach’s greater curvature

oDrapes over the ventral surface of the viscera

-Mesocolon: mesentery of the colon

oBinds large intestine to the posterior wall

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MIDTERM 2 WEEK 7 OBJECTIVES

5. Describe the oral cavity and the structure of the teeth and

tongue

-Oral (Buccal) Cavity:

oIngestion

oDigestion

oTaste

oVoice-production

oSwallowing

oBreathing

-Lips and Cheeks: skeletal muscle (orbicularis oris) covered externally by skin

oBuccinators form cheeks

oInside lining is stratified squamous cell epithelium

oHelp keep food between teeth when we chew

oAid in speech

oLips are large

Extend from the inferior margin of the nose to the superior border of

the chin

What causes the “lips” to be red?

Lips don’t have a lot of keratin in it

Becomes more transparent, so blood vessels become more

apparent

-Palate: forms the roof of the mouth

oHard palate anterior

oSoft palate posterior

Uvula hangs down

Moves up when you swallow and blocks the nasopharynx so

food doesn’t go up your nasal cavity

Soft palate is anchored to the tongue

-Tongue: occupies the floor of the mouth; fills most of the oral cavity

oBundles of skeletal muscle = intrinsic muscles

oExtrinsic muscles: attach it to the skull and hyoid bone

oLingual frenulum: secures it to the floor

oMucosa covering

oPapillae (bumps on the tongue)

Filiform papillae

Fungiform papilla

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Document Summary

Identify the functions and major processes of the digestive system. Ingestion: intake of food: consolidation of indigestible residue. Defecation: elimination of feces: list the regions of the digestive system that food passes through during digestion. Alimentary canal: oral cavity to the anus. Gastrointestinal tract: part of the alimentary canal, stomach & intestines (small and large) Accessory glands and structure: liver, pancreas. Identify the layers of the wall of the digestive tract. Alimentary canal wall has four layers: variation occurs along the length of the gi tract, from the esophagus to the anal canal, the wall has the same four layers, mucosa: next to the lumen. Submucosal nerve plexus: controls gland secretions: muscularis. Longitudinal muscle (goes in the same direction of the tube) Circular muscle (goes around the tube: causes lumen to get smaller. Myenteric plexus: controls peristalsis: serosa: outer surface. Peritoneum & mesenteries: peritoneum: serious membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and covering the surfaces of the organs within.

Related Questions

10. The organs associated with the Alimentary Canal share which similarity/similarities? They all belong to the lymphatic system They all belong to the gastrointestinal system Food does not pass directly through them during the process of digestion Food does pass directly through them during the process of digestion Both B and D \

11. Of the five basic functions of the digestive system, which one occurs first? Excretion Absorption Ingestion Peristalsis Digestion

12. The elimination of indigestible material from the body is called _______________. Peristalsis Absorption Defecation Ingestion

13. The pancreas helps to regulate metabolism and blood sugar levels through the release of insulin. Insulin tells the liver to stop sugar production to keep levels regulated within the blood stream. If a personâs pancreas does not function properly, they have a condition called diabetes, a metabolic disease that often requires monitoring of oneâs diet. People with Type 1 Diabetes have a pancreas with damaged islet cells, meaning no insulin is produced. People with Type 2 Diabetes have a pancreas that produces insulin properly, but their cells are resistant to this insulin due to various factors that often include but are not limited to obesity, lack of exercise, or poor diet choices. Certain foods, specifically starches and sugars, affect diabetics in different ways. Type 1 diabetics must limit their consumption of sugars in order to keep their blood sugar levels stable. Type 1 diabetics often achieve regulation of blood sugars through injections of insulin. Type 2 diabetics must still pay attention to their diets, but not all of them are dependent on manual injections of insulin. Because Type 2 Diabetes is often brought on through a poor diet, Type 2 diabetics are advised to monitor their food choices to prevent weight gain and achieve a more balanced diet overall. Approximately 90% of Americans with diabetes have Type 2. Which are contributing factors to developing Type 1 Diabetes? Poor liver function Poor pancreatic function Sedentary lifestyle All of the above

14. There are five activities that occur within the gastrointestinal system: â¢ Ingestion â the taking in of food or drink â¢ Peristalsis â the movement of food along the digestive tract â¢ Digestion â the breakdown of food and drink by both mechanical and chemical mechanisms â¢ Absorption â the passage of food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems â¢ Defecation â the elimination of substances the body canât use Many digestive disorders and diseases can be tied to an activity within the gastrointestinal system. For example, inflammation of the digestive tract, commonly known as inflammatory bowel disease, is an example of a gastrointestinal activity breakdown. An inflamed digestive tract means digestion is painful and hindered in some way, affecting the rest of the gastrointestinal activities coming after it. An inability to break down lactose, or âlactose intolerance,â is another example of a breakdown that can occur within the gastrointestinal system. Another example of a breakdown in gastrointestinal activities is an eating disorder, where food is either withheld or ingested at a fast rate. Some disorders include the elimination of food through vomit, in essence reversing some of the activities of the gastrointestinal system. A final example of a breakdown in gastrointestinal activities is constipation, which can often lead to further problems such as bowel impaction if not corrected immediately. A balanced diet is recommended to keep the gastrointestinal system functioning properly, and many over the counter medications can help to correct some breakdowns if caught early enough. Foodborne illness, or food poisoning, happens when spoiled or contaminated food is consumed. A common symptom of food poisoning is vomiting. Though microbes can move from the stomach and into the intestines after vomiting occurs, the food itself gets thrown up, stopping its travel through the gastrointestinal system. During which activity is the food thrown up? Peristalsis Absorption Ingestion Digestion

15. The skin is a vital organ that covers the entire outside of the body, forming a protective barrier against pathogens and injuries from the environment. The skin is the body's largest organ; covering the entire outside of the body, it is about 2 mm thick and weighs approximately six pounds. It shields the body against heat, light, injury, and infection. The skin also helps regulate body temperature, gathers sensory information from the environment, stores water, fat, and vitamin D, and plays a role in the immune system protecting us from disease. The color, thickness and texture of skin vary over the body. There are two general types of skin; thin and hairy, which is more prevalent on the body, and thick and hairless, which is found on parts of the body that are used heavily and endure a large amount of friction, like the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet. Basically, the skin is comprised of two layers that cover a third fatty layer. These three layers differ in function, thickness, and strength. The outer layer is called the epidermis; it is a tough protective layer that contains the melanin-producing melanocytes. The second layer (located under the epidermis) is called the dermis; it contains nerve endings, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles. Under these two skin layers is a fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue, known as the subcutis or hypodermis. The skin contains many specialized cells and structures: â¢ Basket Cells: Basket cells surround the base of hair follicles and can sense pressure. They are evaluated when assessing overall nerve health and condition. â¢ Blood Vessels: Blood vessels carry nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to the cells that make up the layers of skin and carry away waste products. â¢ Hair Erector Muscle (Arrector Pili Muscle): The arrector pili muscle is a tiny muscle connected to each hair follicle and the skin. When it contracts it causes the hair to stand erect, and a "goosebump" forms on the skin. â¢ Hair Follicle: The hair follicle is a tube-shaped sheath that surrounds the part of the hair that is under the skin and nourishes the hair. It is located in the epidermis and the dermis. â¢ Hair Shaft: The hair shaft is the part of the hair that is above the skin. â¢ Langerhans Cells: These cells attach themselves to antigens that invade damaged skin and alert the immune system to their presence. â¢ Melanocyte: A melanocyte is a cell that produces melanin, and is located in the basal layer of the epidermis. â¢ Merkel Cells: Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin located in the basal layer of the epidermis. â¢ Pacinian Corpuscle: A pacinian corpuscle is a nerve receptor located in the subcutaneous fatty tissue that responds to pressure and vibration. â¢ Sebaceous Gland: Sebaceous glands are small, sack-shaped glands which release an oily substance onto the hair follicle that coats and protects the hair shaft from becoming brittle. These glands are located in the dermis. â¢ Sensory Nerves: The epidermis is innervated with sensory nerves. These nerves sense and transmit heat, pain, and other noxious sensations. When they are not functioning properly sensations such as numbness, pins-and-needles, pain, tingling, or burning may be felt. When evaluating a skin biopsy, total number, contiguity, diameter, branching, swelling, and overall health of the sensory nerves are assessed. â¢ Stratum Corneum: The stratum corneum is outermost layer of the epidermis, and is comprised of dead skin cells. It protects the living cells beneath it by providing a tough barrier between the environment and the lower layers of the skin. The stratum corneum is useful for diagnosis because in some conditions it will become thinner than normal. â¢ Sweat Gland (Sudoriferous Gland): These glands are located in the epidermis and produce moisture (sweat) that is secreted through tiny ducts onto the surface of the skin (stratum corneum). When sweat evaporates, skin temperature is lowered. If you use a product to moisturize your hair, which part of the integumentary system are you targeting? Hair follicle Hair shaft Blood vessels Melanocyte

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B STR 301 Study Guide - Final Guide: Lysozyme, Hard Palate, Orbicularis Oris Muscle

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