Log in
HomeTextbook Notes300,000CA170,000

BIOL 1051H Chapter Notes - Chapter 22: Pulmonary Pleurae, Bronchiole, Pleural Cavity

30 views2 pages
bluebadger978
14 May 2018
School
Trent University
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 1051H
Professor
Holly Bates

For unlimited access to Textbook Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

The Respiratory System
The respiratory system encompasses three main functions; ventilation, gas exchange
and O2 utilization. Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs for gas exchange
with blood. This is also called external respiration because of the connection with the external
environment of the body. Internal respiration is the gas exchange between the blood and the
tissue. Internal respiration also is concerned with the O2 utilization by the tissues, or cellular
respiration. Gas exchange itself takes place via diffusion of gasses across the plasma
membranes of cells.
The respiratory tract can be divided into the conducting system and the respiratory
system. The conducting system consists of those airways that serve as a conduit to move air.
Most of the respiratory tract is actually the conducting system. The conducting system can be
divided further into the upper respiratory system (nose through larynx) and the lower respiratory
system (below the larynx). You can also think of the conducting system as dead space. This
area is filled with air that must be moved in and out of the respiratory tract but does not
contribute to gas exchange. You can increase the amount of dead space by breathing through a
snorkel.
The respiratory system is that part that serves as a gas exchange area. Only the
smallest respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli are areas of gas exchange. The gas exchange
areas are the alveoli. These areas are comprised of very thin sacs. Alveolar type 1 cells
(squamous alveolar cells) are thinly stretched epithelial cells that make up 95% of the surface
area of the lung. There are also alveolar type 2 cells (which are actually more plentiful than type
1 cells but cover much less area. The type 2 cells produce surfactant, which will be discussed
more later. Also found in the alveoli are macrophages which clean up debris and help fight
infection.
The thoracic cavity is protected by the ribcage and separated from the abdomen by the
diaphragm. The lungs themselves are not anchored to the inside of the ribcage but rather move
with the ribcage due to suction between the visceral pleura (membrane on the outer surface of
the lung) and the parietal pleura (membrane covering the inner surface of the ribcage. There is
a very small amount of fluid in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura (the
intrapleural space), about 2 tablespoons of pleural fluid which lubricate the visceral and parietal
pleura as they slip across each other. The intrapleural space is considered a potential space
because in reality there is very little space there. However, if an injury occurs which allows blood
or air into that space it can become clear how much potential space is actually there.
The lungs do not have the ability to expand on their own. They rely on the suction
between the lungs and body wall and the movement of the diaphragm to increase the size of the
thoracic cavity thus lowering pressure inside the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.
Expiration is mostly accomplished by the elastic recoil of the lungs.
Unlock document

This preview shows half of the first page of the document.
Unlock all 2 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

The respiratory system encompasses three main functions; ventilation, gas exchange and o2 utilization. Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs for gas exchange with blood. This is also called external respiration because of the connection with the external environment of the body. Internal respiration is the gas exchange between the blood and the tissue. Internal respiration also is concerned with the o2 utilization by the tissues, or cellular respiration. Gas exchange itself takes place via diffusion of gasses across the plasma membranes of cells. The respiratory tract can be divided into the conducting system and the respiratory system. The conducting system consists of those airways that serve as a conduit to move air. Most of the respiratory tract is actually the conducting system. The conducting system can be divided further into the upper respiratory system (nose through larynx) and the lower respiratory system (below the larynx).

Get access

Grade+
$40 USD/m
Billed monthly
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
10 Verified Answers
Class+
$30 USD/m
Billed monthly
Class+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
7 Verified Answers

Related Documents

BIOL 1051H Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Breathing, Intrapleural Pressure, Rib Cage
bluebadger978
Kinesiology 3222A/B
Midterm Exam
Study Guide
Kinesiology 3222A/B- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 38 pages long!)
purplegnat742
PSL201Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Endothelium, Pneumothorax, Alveolar Pressure
limefox468

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Cellular respiration uses________to produce energy and releases ________as a waste product.

O2; CO2

CO2; O2

ATP; G3P

G3P; ATP

5 points

QUESTION 2

Select all of the following that compose the conducting pathways in the respiratory system.

nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Alveoli

5 points

QUESTION 3

Match each structure with its' function.

- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Nasal Cavity
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Alveoli
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Larynx
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Trachea
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Bronchi
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Bronchioles
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Pharynx
A.

Throat
B.

Very small branches of bronchi within the lungs.
C.

Larger branching passages for air within the lungs.
D.

Location of gas exchange with the blood.
E.

Carries air from larynx and branches into bronchi.
F.

Location of the voice box, earliest location where only air passes.
G.

Carry air into the pharynx, earliest location of cleaning, warming, and humidifying the air.

8 points

QUESTION 4

Mammals are able to inhale because increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will decrease the pressure within the lungs. This is called_____

pump-controlled breathing

forced inflation breathing

negative-pressure breathing

stretch breathing

6 points

QUESTION 5

Indentify which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet (normal, relaxed) inspiration?

diaphragm

internal intercostals

sclaenes

abdominal muscles

1. Match the word 1-39 above, with the descriptions labled a-t. Word 1-39 can be uses only one please!!

1. alveolar macrophages 2. alveoli 3. Bohr effect 4. bronchi 5. bronchiole 6. cerebral cortex 7. chloride shift 8. compliance 9. costal breathing 10. Dalton’s law 11. diaphragmatic breathing 12. epiglottis 13. eupnea 14. expiratory reserve volume 15. fauces 16. functional residual capacity 17. Haldane effect 18. Henry’s law 19. hilum 20. hypothalamus 21. inferior, middle, and superior nasal meatuses 22. inspiratory capacity 23. larynx 24. limbic system 25. medulla oblongata 26. nose 27. paranasal sinuses 28. pharynx 29. pleural membranes 30. pons 31. primary bronchus 32. secondary bronchus 33. surface tension 34. surfactant 35. terminal bronchiole 36. tertiary bronchus 37. total lung capacity 38. trachea 39. vital capacity

a) -------------------- serves as a sound resonating chamber; contains tonsils; directs air inferiorly

b) ------------------- passes air from pharynx into windpipe; site of sound production

c) ------------------ resonate(s) sound; not part of pharynx

D) ------------------ opening from oral cavity into pharynx

E) ----------------- carries air to a segment of a lung

F) -------------------- carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole

G) ----------------- surround the lungs

H) ------------------ reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange

i) -------------------- actual sites of gas exchange

j) --------------------- normal, quiet breathing

k) ----------------------- shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles

l) ------------------ amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

m) ------------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males

n) ----------------- tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males

o) ------------------- residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males

p) -------------------- states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility

q) ---------------- when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases

r) ------------------ each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure

s) ------------------- sets basic rhythm of breathing

t) ------------------------ includes the pontine respiratory group

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygen–hemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.