Biochemistry 2280A Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Macromolecule, Elastin, Phenylalanine

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30 Jan 2018

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Alzhei(cid:373)er"s a(cid:374)d prio(cid:374) diseases: can be used in helpful processes as well, proteins have several levels of organization, amino acid sequence primary structure, folds ( helices and sheets) secondary structure, whole conformation (folds, coils, etc. ) Describe the similarities and differences between van der waals attractions and hydrogen bonds. The forces that determine the folding of a macromolecule into its shape are noncovalent forces, including london, van der waals and hydrogen bonds. Urea unfolds proteins because there is a free oxygen that is able to be bonded to, with a high affinity this will most likely happen, denaturing the protein. There is a pattern within the amino acid sequence following this; non polar, positively charged, non polar, positively charged, non polar, polar u(cid:374)(cid:272)harged and so on. I think that the hair would become very thin and even may fall out due to damage. There are no knots presumably because it would interfere with the folding of the protein.

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Protein Structure

a.Different function of proteins and examples:

b. Protein building blocks:

1. atomic composition of building block:

2. "parts" or "functional groups" of the building block:

c. Importance of side chain (R group):

d. Hydrophobic amino acids characteristics:

e. Hydrophilic amino acids characteristics:

f. Charged amino acids characteristics

Copy and complete the table below regarding the characteristics and which groups in the polypeptide interact together at each structural level of the protein.

	characteristics	groups interacting
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quartenary structure

Value: 2

Choose the correct statement(s). You may choose more than one answer.

[mark all correct answers]
a. Proteins are the building blocks of amino acids.

b. Enzymes are a type of protein.

c. Quartenary structure consists of two or more polypeptide chains interacting.

d. Amino acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

e. The primary structure of a protein is formed due to the interaction of side groups.

Value: 3

Put the following statements regarding the structural levels of a protein formation in the correct order.

Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the order they should occur, number 1 being the first item. Select the step number from the drop down next to each item.

Items to order:

1. Individual amino acids are bonded together via peptide bonds.

2. Two or more polypeptide chains interact via bonds.

3. Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring amino acids within a polypeptide chain allowing the chain to coil or form pleated sheets.

4. Side groups (R) of the individual amino acids interact with each other allowing the protein to assume its three dimensional shape.

Value:4

Put the following statements regarding the structural levels of a protein formation in the correct order

Individual amino acids are bonded together via peptide bonds.	1 2 3 4
Two or more polypeptide chains interact via bonds.	1 2 3 4
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring amino acids within a polypeptide chain allowing the chain to coil or form pleated sheets.	1 2 3 4
Side groups (R) of the individual amino acids interact with each other allowing the protein to assume its three dimensional shape.	1 2 3 4

Value: 5

Hydrophobic amino acids will be found _______________.

a. In the interior (inner core) of a protein, away from the watery environment.

b. in the interior of a plasma membrane.

c. Both A and B

d. Neither

Value: 6

A protein's function is defined by ____________.

a. enzymatic reactions

b. it's shape.

c. chain of nucleotides.

d. the presence of carbon and hydrogen.

Value: 7

Which of the following is NOT considered a protein function?

a. transport of substances across membrane

b. enzymatic reactions

c. provides structural support

d. carries genetic information

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

QUESTION 10

If you can drink milk as an adult, it means that you have inherited a mutation in the promoter of your lactase gene (the gene that encodes the enzyme you need to break down lactose). Predict the effect of this mutation:

		The mutation changes the number of domains in the enzyme, which makes it work more efficiently
		The mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the lactase protein
		The mutation increases the number of copies of the lactase gene that will be found in your genome
		The mutation changes whether the lactase sequence is found in an intron or exon
		The mutation affects the expression of the lactase gene

1.2 points

QUESTION 11

A competitive inhibitor is decreasing the activity of an enzyme. Predict the effect of adding more substrate to the reaction.

		The substrate will increase the reaction rate by binding to the allosteric site
		The substrate will increase the reaction rate by competing with the inhibitor for the active site
		The reaction rate will not change unless the inhibitor can be removed
		The enzyme adjusts its shape so that the substrate, but NOT the competitive inhibitor, can bind
		The substrate will bind to the competitive inhibitor and block its ability to bind to the enzyme

1.2 points

QUESTION 12

What determines where in the genome a transcription regulator will bind?

		Transcription regulators bind to the 5' UTR region of a gene
		Regulators bind via complementary base-pairing to certain DNA molecules
		Covalent bonds form between the transcription regulator and the atoms of the DNA backbone
		Every eukaryotic gene has a different transcription regulator that will bind to the 5' end of the gene
		Transcription regulators bind to specific DNA sequences via multiple weak non-covalent interactions

1.2 points

QUESTION 13

What is the basic premise of cell theory?

		DNA -> RNA -> protein
		All cells arise from pre-existing cells
		DNA provides the complete instructions to create a cell
		The identity of a cell is determined through gene expression patterns
		All cells contain the same four basic macromolecules

1.2 points

QUESTION 14

What is the benefit of using BOTH the lac activator and the lac repressor to control gene expression?

		Using both an activator and repressor enables cells to more accurately determine the amount of lactose available in the environment
		Enzymes to digest lactose are only made when energy is low and lactose is available
		The activator can override the inhibition of the lac operon by the repressor
		The repressor can control the enhancer, while the activator can control the promoter
		When neither the lac activator or repressor is present, expression of the lac operon is too high

1.2 points

QUESTION 15

What is the histone code used for?

		Phosphorylation and acetylation of DNA affect its ability to be compacted
		Changes to the sequence of DNA change whether DNA will wrap around histone proteins
		Covalent modifications of histones affect the ability of the transcription initiation complex to form
		Histones provide the codon sequences needed for translation to occur
		The histone code affects which amino acids will get added to a polypeptide

Biochemistry 2280A Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Macromolecule, Elastin, Phenylalanine

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