CHEM 227 Chapter 7: Chapter 7 Book Notes

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amberbeetle316

31 Jul 2016

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Monday, october 5, 2015 at 4:46 pm alkene. A hydrocarbon that contains a carbon carbon double bond, Steam cracking is an example of a reaction whose energetics are dominated by entropy rather than by enthalpy in the free-energy equation . Alkenes are referred to as unsaturated. degree of unsaturation. The number of rings and/or multiple bonds in a molecule. For example, the formula c4h6br2 is equivalent to the hydrocarbon formula c4h8 and thus corresponds to one degree of unsaturation. Organooxygen compounds (c,h,o ) oxygen forms two bonds, so it doesn"t affect the formula of an equivalent hydrocarbon and can be ignored when calculating the degree of unsaturation. You can convince yourself of this by seeing what happens when an oxygen atom is inserted into an alkane bond: c-c becomes c-o-c or c-h becomes c-o-h , and there is no change in the number of hydrogen atoms.

Related Questions

Hydrocarbons are organic molecules that solely consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms. These compounds are considered saturated if they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Degrees of unsaturation are structural features that cause a compound to have less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible, and cause the hydrocarbon to be considered unsaturated. In hydrocarbons, degrees of unsaturation consist of ring structures and pi bonds (double and triple bonds). The following formulas can be used to determine whether a molecular formula represents an alkane, alkene, or alkyne (assuming that the hydrocarbons are not ring structures, and that the unsaturated compounds only have one double or triple bond).

Alkanes: CnH2n+2

Alkenes: CnH2n

Alkynes: CnH2nâ2

Question 1: Watch the series of videos found here and hand in your responses to the red parts below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSztChmDY44&list=PLaySzQJTCO1kxtP1zdoysPWoFmDHl2dLb

a. Spectroscopy (NMR, IR, Mass spec) Introduction (just watch the first 4 minutes, 45secs, the rest is an advertisement)

b. Proton NMR - How to Analyze the Peaks of H-NMR Spectroscopy (list the four factors covered in the video--i.e. the characteristics used to match the peaks to the regions of the molecule; watch the first 10 minutes, 32 seconds and move on to the next video)

c. Proton NMR Spectroscopy Analysis Using C3H7Cl (draw the H NMR spectrum and label it (hint: it corresponds to 1-chloropropane or 2-chloropropane); explain to me how symmetry, the number of types of hydrogens (peaks) and splitting patterns helped you to match the spectrum to the molecule you chose; watch the first 6 minutes, 10 seconds)

d. *H-NMR Example Matching The Molecule To The Graph (draw the H NMR spectrum, labeling the ordered peaks with integrals/heights, shifts (i.e. ppm), splitting (i.e. is it a singlet, doublet, etc. peak) and use arrows or labels to match the peaks with the corresponding H's on molecule A

e. *H-NMR Example (cont) Matching The Molecule To The Spectroscopy Graph (draw the correct H NMR spectrum, labeling the ordered peaks with integrals/heights, shifts (an estimate or range is ok), splitting (i.e. is it a singlet, doublet, etc. peak) use arrows or labels to match the peaks with the corresponding H's on molecules B, C, D, and E -

f. Degree of Unsaturation aka Index of Hydrogen Deficiency (tell me how you can determine whether there are pi bonds/rings, how do you know how many pi bonds; also how do Oxygen, Nitrogen and Halogens change the hydrogen count; what formula can you use to account for all these effects ; watch the first 15 minutes, 15 seconds) This is going to help you draw the molecule based on the molecular formula and spectroscopy

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives.

a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was _ _ _ _ _, which was prepared from _ _ _ _ _.

b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be _ _ _ _ _.

c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is _ _ _ _ _.

d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be _ _ _ _ _ alkanes.

e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit a different arrangement of the _ _ _ _ _ between those atoms.

f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending _ _ _ _ _ added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

g. For branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the _ _ _ _ _ continuous chain in the molecule.

h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the _ _ _ _ _ of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached.

i. The major use of alkanes has been in _ _ _ _ _ reactions, as a source of heat and light.

j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo _ _ _ _ _ reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane.

k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete _ _ _ _ _ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond.

l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of _ _ _ _ _.

m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called _ _ _ _ _ hydrocarbons.

n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a _ _ _ _ _ group.

o. A _ _ _ _ _ alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group.

p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of _ _ _ _ _.

q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the _ _ _ _ _ of certain sugars by yeast.

r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain.

s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by _ _ _ _ _ of the corresponding alcohol.

t. Organic acids, which contain the _ _ _ _ _ group, are typically weak acids.

u. The typical sweet-smelling compounds called _ _ _ _ _ result from the condensation reaction of organic acid with an _ _ _ _ _.

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CHEM 227 Chapter 7: Chapter 7 Book Notes

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