HEAL2800 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Dietitian, Nutrient Density, Myplate

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26 Jan 2018

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A healthy eating pattern is based on consuming a variety of foods balanced by moderate intake of food. This will minimize the risk of developing nutrition related diseases. Proportionality is eating foods with greater nutrient density and reflects the nutrient content of a food in relation to its calorie content. Nutrient dense foods are relatively rich in nutrients, in comparison with calorie content. Energy density of a food is determined by comparing calorie content with the weight of the food. Foods with low energy density include fruits, vegetables, and any food that incorporates a lot of water during cooking such as oatmeal. Dietary guidelines help emphasize balancing calories to manage weight. Performing regular physical activity, moderating consumption of fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sugar, salt and alcohol. Eating plenty of whole grain products, fruits and vegetables. My plate and other online tools are used to translate nutrient recommendations into a food plan that exhibits variety, proportionality, and moderation.

Related Questions

The people of Malaysia belong to three communities: the local people called Malays, immigrants from South India called Tamils, and immigrants from China. During the early 20th century, the Malays lived mainly in coastal villages, the Tamils worked on rubber estates, and the Chinese worked in tin mines. In general, the people were very poor and they consumed a limited variety of foods.[1] Rice was the staple diet of all three communities and therefore the key source of caloric and nutrient content. Malays typically grew their own rice and dehulled it before consuming it; dehulling partially removes the aleurone layer of the rice seed. Following their South Indian food habits, the Tamils ate parboiled rice, and the Chinese ate polished white rice imported from Thailand. It was found that among the three Malaysian communities, the Chinese community was much more prone to suffer from some degree of sub-optimal thiamin intake. Out of every 1,000 Chinese inhabitants, about 120 had mild thiamin deficiency, about 80 had severe thiamin deficiency, and about 16 people had died of it. Suboptimal intake of thiamin was rare in Malays and was not reported at all in Tamils.[1] Thiamin, also called Vitamin B1, is required for all tissues, and its deficiency causes the disease Beriberi. Less severe deficiency results in non-specific symptoms such as weight loss, malaise, irritability, and confusion. Although the origin of the word Beri-beri is disputed, it is believed to be a Philippine word meaning âI canât, I canâtâ and was probably coined to refer to the lack of neuromotor coordination in people afflicted with this disease.[2] Thiamin is water-soluble and is stable in the acidic medium. It is unstable to heat, oxygen, and UV light in neutral and alkaline medium. The active form of thiamin is thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). This active form is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and transketolase enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. These enzymes play an important role in the biosynthesis of a number of cell constituents such as neurotransmitters, pentoses, and reduced equivalents, used in oxidant stress. The human body cannot store thiamin and therefore requires a continuous supply of the vitamin. The thiamin in an individual on a thiamin-free diet typically depletes in fewer than two weeks. Thiamin absorption is affected by compounds, called thiamin antagonists or anti-thiamin factors, that alter the structure of thiamin. These compounds include alcohols, polyphenols, flavonoids, and thiaminase, a heat labile enzyme found in certain foods.[2] In affluent countries, where the diet is rich in thiamin, the most common cause of thiamin deficiency is excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol intake affects thiamin status in two ways. First, alcoholics get a significant percentage of their daily energy intake from alcoholic beverages, which are nutrient deficient. In other words, alcoholics replace their consumption of nutrient dense foods that are part of their normal diet with the consumption of nutrient deficient alcohol. Second, alcohol inhibits the intestinal ATPase involved in the absorption of thiamin.[4] Sub-clinical thiamin insufficiency associated with excessive alcohol consumption produces an encephalopathy called Wernicke-Korsafoff syndrome. Patients with this syndrome have a higher than normal incidence of abnormal transketolase, which has a very low binding affinity to TPP. This problem can be overcome by putting patients on high-dose thiamin therapy. Some patients, however, might have a form of abnormal transketolase that does not bind at all with TPP. Such people do not respond to high-dose thiamin therapy.[4] Thiamin deficiency is observed in individuals who have low thiamin intake and a diet rich in polished rice, especially if their diet also consists of anti-thiamin factors such as tea, coffee, raw fermented fish, and betel nuts. The minimum amount of thiamin needed by the body can increase because of increased physiological or metabolic demands arising from pregnancy and lactation, heavy physical exertion, illnesses like cancer, liver diseases, hyperthyroidism, and surgery. Since TPP is required for carbohydrate metabolism, the recommended dietary allowances for thiamin are based on the assumption that its intake is related to total energy intake. The recommended dietary allowance in the United States is 0.5 mg/1000 Kcal.

Questions
1. Thiamin deficiency was observed only in the Chinese community even though all three
communities had the same staple (rice) diet. Explain.
2. On packages of enriched rice sold in supermarkets, the rice preparation directions state that the
rice should not be washed before cooking. Explain.
3. Severe metabolic acidosis caused by high levels of lactate is often associated with thiamin
deficiency. Explain.
4. Provide two plausible explanations for what might cause above normal levels of pyruvate in blood
and urine. How can one determine which of the two explanations is correct?
5. Why does thiamin utilization increase among cancer patients?
6. A negative correlation exists between the need for thiamin and the amount of fat in the diet.
Explain.

taupehound665

11. Which of the following is an attribute of a scientifically literate person?

A. Creates templates for understanding

B. Constructs hypothetical arguments for discussion

C. Respects the rights of self determination

D. Uses scientific evidence to understand the natural world

E. Reports on social phenomena consistently

12. Which of the following does not contribute to the Calorie intake of a person?

A. Protein

B. Carbohydrate

C. Fat

D. Alcohol

E. Water

13. Which of the following is not a technique used to measure body composition?

A. Skin-fold calipers

B. Bod PodÃ

C. Body mass index

D. Hydrostatic weighing

E. Light absorption technique

14. Which of the following behavioral techniques supports healthy body weight changes?

A. Feasting

B. Fasting

C. Goal setting and a plan

D. Eating vegetables and meat

E. Regularly measuring body composition

15. The purpose of the warm-up is to:

A. Slowly increase the pulse rate to an aerobic level.

B. Facilitate vascular changes (splenic shunt) to accommodate aerobic exercise.

C. Gear up the energy metabolism, i.e., increase the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the working muscle, and raise the temperature to an optimal level for energy production.

D. Increase the elasticity of the muscle fibers, which helps to prevent muscle, tendon, ligament, and joint injuries, as well as improve muscle contraction and preserve muscle glycogen in addition to reducing the amount of lactic acid build-up in the muscles.

E. All of the above

16. Which of the following reflects an improvement in cardiovascular health resulting from regular engagement in aerobic exercise?

A. Increased lean body mass

B. Increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)

C. Stress relief

D. Improvement in sleep pattern

E. Reduced risk for developing certain types of cancer

17. The purpose of a cool-down is to:

A. slowly decrease pulse rate.

B. decrease core body temperature.

C. slowly constrict blood vessels.

D. continue adequate supply of blood to the brain, and facilitate removal of metabolic waste products from the muscles.

E. All of the above

18. A person trying to gain lean body mass has:

A. increased fluid needs.

B. decreased fat needs.

C. altered fitness needs.

D. increased protein and strength training needs.

E. decreased electrolyte needs.

19. Vitamin A in the form of _____ is used to treat acne.

A. retinol

B. retinal

C. retinoic acid

D. beta-carotene

E. lycopene

20. Which of the following is a genetic disease for which a low intake of copper is a component of treatment?

A. Pellagra

B. Wilsonâs disease

C. Hemochromatosis

D. Beriberi

E. Goiter

21. Which of the following nutrients is used to treat scurvy?

A. Folate

B. Riboflavin

C. Vitamin C

D. Niacin

E. Vitamin D

22. Which of the following groups is at highest risk for hemolytic anemia?

A. Premature infants

B. Elderly people who do not get exposure to sunlight

C. Pregnant women

D. Teenagers who do not drink enough water

E. Someone who does not consume animal meat or products

23. Iron deficiency causes:

A. microcytic normochromic anemia.

B. macrocytic hypochromic anemia.

C. microcytic hypochromic anemia.

D. macrocytic normochromic anemia.

E. macrocytic hyperchromic anemia.

24. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is caused by a deficiency of:

A. iron.

B. zinc.

C. chromium.

D. choline.

E. molybdenum.

25. Which of the following is required for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂?

A. A coenzyme

B. Intrinsic factor

C. Vitamin C

D. Bile acids

E. None of the above

26. Which nutrient potentiates the action of insulin?

A. Magnesium

B. Fluoride

C. Chromium

D. Selenium

E. Iodine

27. Which mineral is a central component of vitamin B₁₂?

A. Iron

B. Copper

C. Cobalt

D. Zinc

E. Molybdenum

28. Iodine is a component of:

A. hemoglobin.

B. myoglobin.

C. intrinsic factor.

D. insulin.

E. thyroxine.

29. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the diagnosis of a nutritional deficiency?

A. Dietary records should demonstrate low intake for that nutrient.

B. Blood levels should demonstrate high body levels of the nutrient.

C. Tissue levels should demonstrate low body levels of the nutrient.

D. Nutrient supplementation should correct the deficiency symptoms.

E. Clinical deficiency symptoms should be compatible with a low dietary intake.

30. Vitamin C helps maintain tissue integrity by:

A. neutralizing foreign proteins.

B. creating an alkaline cell environment.

C. recognizing cell boundaries.

D. forming collagen to bind cells together.

E. increasing inflammation

oliveplatypus662

1. How does prenatal body weight influence theamount of weight a woman should gain during pregnancy?

2. At what week of gestation does the embryonicperiod begin? When does the fetal period begin? When is the mostlikely time a teratogen can do the most damage, during theembryonic or fetal period?

3. What risks are there to a baby if the mothergains too little weight during the pregnancy? What risks are thereto a baby if the mother gains too much weight during thepregnancy?

4. What is the relationship between mercury,fish and pregnancy?

5. What are some of the common gastrointestinaldistresses pregnant women experience? What remedies are availableto manage them?

6. What is fetal alcohol syndrome? How can itbe prevented? When can it be most accurately diagnosed?

7. How does the MyPlate food guidance systemsupport a healthy pregnancy?

8. Why is a prenatal dietary supplementrecommended throughout pregnancy?

9. What benefits are there to exercising duringpregnancy? How should exercise be modified during eachtrimester?

10. What is one of the best ways to trackgrowth in children? What are you looking for when you trackgrowth?

11. What benefits to the infant are provided bybreastfeeding?

12. What benefits to the mother are provided bybreastfeeding?

13. What nutrients are vital for supportingdental health in infants and children?

14. Although breast milk has advantages overformula, breastfeeding not recommend if the nursing mother haswhich conditions?

15. At what age is it safe to switch fromformula or breast milk to cowâs milk?

16. Which solid foods should be introducedfirst and at what age and why: cereals, vegetables, andfruits?

17. Do infants have the same AMDRs as adults?If not, how are they different? Is the grams/kg body weight forprotein higher or lower for an infant compared to a teenager oradult?

18. Does eating sugary foods lead tohyperactivity in children? If not, what does?

19. What is the division of responsibilitybetween caregivers and children for feeding?

20. How would you outline a healthy dailyschedule and meal/snack pattern to follow for a preschooler and aschool-aged child?

21. Can the MyPlate tool support childhoodnutrition? How? What other tools can be used?

22. What are the consequences of obesity inchildhood? How can childhood obesity be prevented?

23. How can food allergies be prevented andmanaged in childhood?

24. The rapid weight gains that girlsexperience during adolescence begin at what ages? Forboys?

25. Are the AMDR guidelines for adults the sameas for teenagers? What are these guidelines? (Percent calories fromfat? Carbohydrate? Protein?)

26. Why are calcium and iron the most importantminerals for teenagers? Does gender make a difference?

27. If teens are overweight and it isunrealistic to believe they will grow into their current weight?What rate of weight loss is recommended in terms of pound(s) perweek?

28. Describe the typical diets of teens thatsmoke?

29. What is the nutritional consequence alcoholfor teens?

30. Adolescences should be physically activefor how many minutes/day?

31. How does body composition change over theyears? Is there anything one can do to affect this change?

32. Does Basal metabolic rate increase ordecrease with age? Why? Will the elderly need more or fewercalories per kilo body weight than those who are middleaged?

33. Do the elderly need more or less fluid percalorie intake than younger adults? Why?

34. If an elderly person has osteoporosis, canhe or she do anything to improve this condition?

35. How can a poverty-stricken older adult beassured of eating healthy meals on a regular basis?

36. Why is exercise important for theelderly?

37. How many calories are there in a gram ofalcohol? Why does consuming 2 alcoholic drinks in a man has thesame physiological affect as one drink for a woman?

38. What practices will decrease the rate ofalcohol absorption into the blood?

39. Define moderate alcohol intake in terms ofdrinks per day for men and women and say how it relates to HDLcholesterol.

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HEAL2800 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Dietitian, Nutrient Density, Myplate

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