PHI 3000C Lecture 2: Metaphysics plato notes

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aa666

28 Jul 2022

School

St. John's University

Department

Philosophy

Course

PHI 3000C

Professor

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Document Summary

The cave analogy what we think of as reality. Prisoners represent the human beings being trapped in a world of shadows which is. In this example the shadows is to be represented as the material world. The sun is important in this analogy. We need the sun because we need light to aee. When the prisoner escapes the cave he then will understand true reality. If we destroy the beautiful things, the concept of beauty would still exist. This concept of beauty exists independent of all beautiful things and exists prior to our experience of it. According to plato, every idea and object has their own form. Plato refers to this reality as the world of being. We cannot understand the essence or the nature of a triangle especially with our senses. Plato argued that reality could be divided into 2 parts. The physical material world according to plato is an imperfect world because of it constantly changing.

Related Questions

Brief and detail

If relativism is true, can you ever judge something as being morally wrong? Consider some really horrible actions, genocide, murder, slavery, torture or add your own. If you feel a relativist could say that these things are actually wrong, what gives them this ability? If they can't, why not?

Agree or disagree

Similarly to what I said in the first discussion on what morality means to us, I think everyone has their own set of moral principles and obligations. So I do think that relativism is true, to a point however. I used Adolf Hitler and the Nazi empire as an example in the first discussion so I will use that here. Hitler knew in his brain that what he was doing was good for his nation and arguably the world. Now, as a modern day society we can agree that was wrong. For him, it was good. In his own mind, he is right. But it is relative to the person. Generally speaking we all have similar notions of what is right and what is wrong. Most people would say that going out of your way to help someone else is a morally good principle. Selflessness in society is seen a good thing by the vast majority of people. When I say that relativism is good to a point, I mean that there is a general basis in society that deems actions as good or bad. And since most of us would all agree that hitlers actions were bad, then we say that he had bad moral principles, even though to him, they were good. It’s a little confusing even for me to put into words. Basically, if you actions are generally viewed in society as good, then you have good moral principles even if they vary from person to person. No one will have the exact same moral standards, but generally they all are very similar in society. So relativism is true until the point where the majority of society would deem your actions and wrong. I hope this makes sense.

Agree or disagree

If relativism is true, I don't think judging something as morally wrong is possible. Because the definition of ethical relativism is the moral standard only being correctly relative to each person/society, this means that the moral standard is created by you and/or the society you identify with and therefore eliminate the existence of an absolute moral principle. Since the moral standard is different for every individual, we cannot say that someone is morally wrong. If relativism is applied, that is. If a relativist were to say that they could judge someone as morally wrong, then that would contradict the main component of being a relativist. That every moral argument of yours is correct, therefore everyone else's is also correct. Quite problematic but that is my understanding on the matter

ell25

This problem introduces the concept of tension. The example is a rope, oriented vertically, that is being pulled from both ends. Let F_u and F_d (with u for up and d for down) represent the magnitude of the forces acting on the top and bottom of the rope, respectively. Assume that the rope is massless so that its weight is negligible compared with the tension. (This is not a ridiculous approximation-modern rope material such as Kevlar can carry tensions thousands of times greater than the weight of tens of meters of such rope.)

Consider the three sections of rope labeled a, b, and c in the figure.

At point 1, a downward force of magnitude F_ad acts on section a.
At point 1, an upward force of magnitude F_bu acts on section b.
At point 1, the tension in the rope is T₁.
At point 2, a downward force of magnitude F_bd acts on section b.
At point 2, an upward force of magnitude F_cu acts on section c.
At point 2, the tension in the rope is T₂.

(A) What is the magnitude F_ad of the downward force on section a?

(B) What is the magnitude F_bu of the upward force on section b?

(C) The magnitude of the upward force on c, F_cu, and the magnitude of the downward force on b, F_bd, are equal because of which of Newton's laws?

(D) The magnitude of the force F_bu is ______ F_bd.

(E) Now consider the forces on the ends of the rope. What is the relationship between the magnitudes of these two forces?

(a) F_u > F_d

(b) F_u = F_d

(F) The ends of a massless rope are attached to two stationary objects (e.g., two trees or two cars) so that the rope makes a straight line. For this situation, which of the following statements are true?

(a) The tension in the rope is everywhere the same.

(b) The magnitudes of the forces exerted on the two objects by the rope are the same.

(d) The forces exerted on the two objects by the rope must be in the direction of the rope.

ambergiraffe181

Vapor cycles
5EM - Thermodynamics
September 2010
1 The T-S diagram
The temperature-entropy diagram is an alternative to the well knownpressure-
volume diagram. Before using it to analyze different vapor cycles,we need
to understand it properly.
1. Plot the following transformations for ideal gases in a T-Sdiagram
(a) Isothermal expansion
(b) Isobaric expansion
(c) Isometric heating
(d) Reversible adiabatic expansion
(e) Irreversible adiabatic expansion
2. Repeat the last question, but this time do it for a realsubstance,
starting in the compressed liquid1 region and ending in thesuperheated
region, when possible. Indicate the boundaries of eachregion.
3. We know that under certain circumstances the area under theplot
in a P-V diagram represents the work performed during theprocess.
What does it represent in this case? Under what assumptions isyour
answer true? Compare examples 6.1 and 6.2.
2 Thermal machines
We understand by thermal machine a device capable of transformingther-
mal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). We already knowthat
these machines have a limited efficiency which, in the two-sourcesmodel, is
obtained by Carnotâs cycle.
(Compressed liquid is sometimes also called subcooled liquid)
2.1 Carnot cycle
This cycle, although efficient, is impractical. To begin with, theextreme
temperatures of the cycle should be within the sources temperaturesfor a
finite heat flow to exist.
1. Given the temperature of the sources, draw the cycle accordingto the
named limitation.
2. Show that this leads to lower efficiency than the theoreticallimit.
3. Assume that heat flow from/to the sources is proportional to thetem-
perature difference between them and the working fluid, anddemon-
strate that a higher power output is related to a decreasedefficiency.
2.2 Rankine cycle
Out of the several practical possibilities, Rankine cycle and itsvariations is
widely used, especially for electric power generation.
1. Draw the basic cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. What does the efficiency of the cycle depend on? Comparewith
Carnotâs.
3. What are the differences between the ideal cycle and the realone?
4. Describe how it is modified by superheating and/or reheating.Explain
te benefits.
2.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.13, 8.19, 8.20
3 Frigorific machines
3.1 Reverse Carnot cycle
We have already studied Carnot cycle in detail as the ideal thermalmachine.
Now we will take is as the starting point to understand thecharacteristics
of frigorific machines.
1. Draw the ideal cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. Show that this cycle has a theoretical efficiency Ã =Tcold/Thot-Tcold
3. What are the difficulties in implementing such cycle in actualdevices?
3.2 Actual refrigerators
1. Why is the turbine replaced by an expansion valve in mostcases?
2. Plot the actual cycle and explain the differences with the idealcase.
3. How do cascade and multistage systems improve the performanceof
the refrigerator?
4. What aspects are important in the choice of a refrigerant fluid?Justify
3.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 10.2 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.22, 10.23 10.1D

PHI 3000C Lecture 2: Metaphysics plato notes

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