PHTY100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Hyaline Cartilage, Vastus Lateralis Muscle, Sartorius Muscle
4. Bones and joints of the knee joint
• 4.1 Identify and classify the bones of the thigh and leg:
o Femur - thigh
• Long bone
o Tibia, fibula - leg
• Long bones
• 4.2 On the distal end of the femur (re-)identify:
o Medial and lateral condyles
o Medial and lateral epicondyles
o Adductor tubercle
o Intercondylar fossa
o Popliteal surface
o Patellar surface
• 4.3 On the proximal end of the tibia (re-)identify:
o Tibial plateau
o Medial and lateral condyles
o Intercondylar eminence
o Fibular articular facet
o Tibial tuberosity
• 4.4 On the proximal end of the fibula identify:
o Head
o Articular facet
• 4.5 Identify, classify and state the functions of the patella
o Increases the mechanical advantage, or leverage, of the quads
• The addition of the patella changes the angle to the quadriceps insertion on
the tibia
o Protection for the patellar tendon/ligament
o Spreads compressive forces passing to the femoral condyles
• 4.6 On the patella identify:
o Anterior surface
o Articular surface – medial and lateral facets
o Apex
• 4.7, 4.11 Classify the knee joint and identify and / or describe the following, and describe
the specific mechanical functions of the ligaments and articular discs
o Two synovial joints inside one cavity
• Tibiofemoral component - between tibial and femoral condyles
▪ Classification
• Synovial
• Biaxial
• Condyloid (modified hinge joint)
• Provides sagittal plane joint rotation (flex/ext)
• Additionally provides small amount of tibial axial rotation
(IR/ER)
▪ Movement
• Flexion 140° extension 0° - transverse axis
• Internal rotation 30° external rotation 40° - longitudinal axis
▪ Allows transmission of body weight from femur to tibia
• Patellofemoral component - between patellar surface of femur and articular
surface of patella
▪ Classification
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• Synovial
• Plane
▪ Movements
• Longitudinal gliding
• Some rotation about a transverse axis
o Articular surfaces
• Tibiofemoral
▪ Femur - male surface
• Medial and lateral femoral condyles
• Convex in both planes, longer AP than transverse
• Medial condyle longer than lateral condyle
▪ Tibia - female
• Medial and lateral tibial condyles
• Mostly flat in both planes, separated by intercondylar area
• Medial condyle is larger, oval and more convex than lateral
condyle
• Tibia never articulates with the patella, patella only
articulates with the femur
• Patellofemoral
▪ Femoral surface
• Larger lateral part
▪ Patellar surface
• Facets on posterior surface
• Lateral facet is larger
o Joint capsule
• No complete independent capsule
▪ Deficient anteriorly, replaced by tendon of quadriceps femoris
▪ Posterior and lateral capsule more as expected
• Much additional ligamentous strengthening
▪ Receives contribution from biceps femoris, semimembranous,
quadriceps femoris, iliotibial band
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o Synovial capsule
• Synovial membrane
▪ Lines the capsule
▪ Extensive and complex
▪ Communication with a number of key bursa
o Ligaments
• Patellar
▪ Capsular
▪ Connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity
▪ Continuous with the tendon of quadriceps femoris
▪ Adjacent to the patellar retinacular - expansions of the insertions of
vastus medialis and vastus lateralis
▪ Supports the anterior surface of the knee
• Medial (tibial) collateral
▪ Capsular
▪ Much stronger, flatter and broader than the lateral (fibular) collateral
▪ From the medial femoral condyle to the medial tibial condyle
▪ Attached to the meniscus
• Lateral (fibular) collateral
▪ Extracapsular
▪ Lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
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Document Summary
Bones and joints of the knee joint, 4. 1 identify and classify the bones of the thigh and leg, femur - thigh. Long bones: 4. 2 on the distal end of the femur (re-)identify, medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral epicondyles, adductor tubercle. Intercondylar fossa: popliteal surface, patellar surface, 4. 3 on the proximal end of the tibia (re-)identify, tibial plateau, medial and lateral condyles. Intercondylar eminence: fibular articular facet, tibial tuberosity, 4. 4 on the proximal end of the fibula identify, head, articular facet, 4. 5 identify, classify and state the functions of the patella. Synovial: biaxial, condyloid (modified hinge joint, provides sagittal plane joint rotation (flex/ext, additionally provides small amount of tibial axial rotation (ir/er, movement. Internal rotation 30 external rotation 40 - longitudinal axis: allows transmission of body weight from femur to tibia, patellofemoral component - between patellar surface of femur and articular surface of patella, classification. Some rotation about a transverse axis: articular surfaces, tibiofemoral.
